Perinatal lead and cadmium burden in a British urban population.

Kovar, I Z; Strehlow, C. D.; Richmond, Jane; Thompson, M G

doi:10.1136/adc.59.1.36

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…As cigarette smoking is one of the main predictors of blood Cd levels, 22,85 these disparities may reflect a decline in cigarette smoking in developed countries. The mean level of blood Cd is slightly lower than that reported by Kovar et al 86 in the UK (0.69 ± 0.65 µg/l), although their sample size was very small (n = 28).…”

Section: Cadmiumcontrasting

confidence: 72%

Lead, cadmium and mercury levels in pregnancy: the need for international consensus on levels of concern

Taylor

Golding

Emond

2013

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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For heavy metals that have any degree of transfer though the placenta to the fetus, it is unlikely that there are safe limits for maternal blood levels. The only means of reducing fetal exposure is to minimise maternal exposure. There are few recommendations for levels of concern. With the exception of US recommendations for maternal Pb levels, but there are no international levels of concern or cut-off levels specifically for pregnancy for heavy metals, so that comparisons can generally only be made with national reference values relating to similar physiological statuses or age groups. These include recommendations for Cd levels by Germany (reference value for non-smoking adults aged 18-69 years, 1 µg/l) and for Hg by Germany (reference value for adults age 18-60 years with fish intake < or =3 times per month, 2.0 µg/l) and the USA (cut-off level for women, 5.8 µg/dl). To illustrate the lack of cohesion, we present data on blood Pb, Cd and Hg levels from pregnant women enroled in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study and compare the values with present levels of concern and recommended cut-off values. We also compare the levels with those found in other groups of pregnant women worldwide to strengthen the database for the development of levels of concern in pregnancy. The need for clarity of terminology in describing levels of concern is discussed. There is a pressing need for international consensus on levels of concern for all age groups and physiological statuses, particularly for pregnancy.

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Section: Cadmiumcontrasting

confidence: 72%

Lead, cadmium and mercury levels in pregnancy: the need for international consensus on levels of concern

Taylor

Golding

Emond

2013

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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“…Casey (1977) analysed cows' milk and cows' milk-derived infant formulas and found that Pb concentrations in these samples were consistently higher than those found in breast milk. Moreover, higher Pb concentrations in formulas than in breast milk were observed in New Zealand (Casey, 1977), Thailand (Chatranon et al 1978), the UK (Kovar et al 1984;Richmond et al 1993), India (Tripathi et al 1999), Spain (Rodriguez Rodriguez et al 1999;Martino et al 2001), Australia (Gulson et al 2001) and Canada (Hanning et al 2003). In industrial regions of Austria (Styria), the range of Pb concentration (0 -20•4 ng Pb/g) in human milk was lower than in formulas (0 -35•4 ng Pb/g) (Tiran et al 1994).…”

Section: Formula Use Increases Exposure Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury and lead during breast-feeding

Dórea

2004

Br J Nutr

133

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Hg and Pb are of public health concern due to their toxic effects on vulnerable fetuses, persistence in pregnant and breast-feeding mothers, and widespread occurrence in the environment. To diminish maternal and infant exposure to Hg and Pb, it is necessary to establish guidelines based on an understanding of the environmental occurrence of these metals and the manner in which they reach the developing human organism. In the present review, environmental exposure, acquisition and storage of these metals via maternal -infant interaction are systematically presented. Though Hg and Pb are dispersed throughout the environment, the risk of exposure to infants is primarily influenced by maternal dietary habits, metal speciation and interaction with nutritional status. Hg and Pb possess similar adverse effects on the central nervous system, but they have environmental and metabolic differences that modulate their toxicity and neurobehavioural outcome in infant exposure during fetal development. Hg is mainly found in protein matrices of animal flesh (especially fish and shellfish), whereas Pb is mainly found in osseous structures. The potential of maternal acquisition is higher and lasts longer for Pb than for Hg. Pb stored in bone has a longer half-life than monomethyl-mercury acquired from fish. Both metals appear in breast milk as a fraction of the levels found in maternal blood supplied to the fetus during gestation. Habitual diets consumed by lactating mothers pose no health hazard to breast-fed infants. Instead, cows' milk-based formulas pose a greater risk of infant exposure to neurotoxic substances.

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“…The World Health Organization estimates that there are now 235 million asthmatics worldwide [ 1 ] and more than 17 million of this individuals are in the United States [ 2 ]. In Morocco, 3.89% of the Moroccan population was affected by asthma, in 2009, which represents more than 1.2 millions people [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with asthma control: MOSAR study (Multicenter Observational Study of Asthma in Rabat-Morocco)

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe purpose of the study is to describe the profile of patients with asthma and to identify the signifiant risks and the protective factors associated with asthma control.MethodsA prospective epidemiological study was conducted in three hospitals of Rabat-Morocco and included 396 patients with asthma. Differences in characteristics across the levels of asthma control were compared by the one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables, and chi-square test was used for categorical variables. The risk and protective factors associated with the asthma control levels were determined by Proportional Odds Model (POM) for bivariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression, also expressed as Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI).ResultsFrom 7440 patients screened by 28 physicians, 396 were included in study. 53% of the particiants sufferd controlled, 18% had partly controlled and 29% had uncontrolled asthma symptoms. A multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that having respiratory infections (AOR = 5.71), suffering from concomitant diseases (AOR = 3.36) and being allergic to animals (AOR = 2.76) were positively associated with poor control of asthma. However, adherence to treatement (AOR = 0.07), possession of health insurance (AOR = 0.41) and having more than 2 children (AOR = 0.47) were associated with good asthma control.ConclusionThe study established a clinical-epidemiological profile of asthmatic patients in Rabat region in Morocco. By ordinal logistic regression we found that 6 factors - respiratory infections, concomitant diseases, animals allergy, adherence to treatment, health insurance and having more than two children – were associated with asthma control.

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Perinatal lead and cadmium burden in a British urban population.

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Lead, cadmium and mercury levels in pregnancy: the need for international consensus on levels of concern

Lead, cadmium and mercury levels in pregnancy: the need for international consensus on levels of concern

Mercury and lead during breast-feeding

Factors associated with asthma control: MOSAR study (Multicenter Observational Study of Asthma in Rabat-Morocco)

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