“…More recently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2019) and the Global Burden of Disease study, supervised by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Shaffer et al, 2019), also urgently recommended additional studies on environmental health risk factors of disease including developmental neurotoxicants. These recommendations are supported by studies demonstrating negative effects on brain development and increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders after environmental exposure to lead (Lanphear et al, 2005), mercury (Axelrad et al, 2007;Oken et al, 2008), air pollution (Chiu et al, 2013;Siddique et al, 2011;Suglia et al, 2008), organophosphorus pesticides (Bouchard et al, 2011;Engel et al, 2011), brominated flame retardants (Lam et al, 2017), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Pessah et al, 2019), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; Gibson et al, 2018), and dioxin (Ames et al, 2019;Nishijo et al, 2012;Pham et al, 2019;Tai et al, 2013). Additionally, the relative contributions of environmental exposures to the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders have been reported to be more substantial than nonchemical risk factors such as preterm birth, type 1 diabetes, and congenital heart disease as well as socioeconomic, nutritional, and psychosocial factors (Bellinger, 2012).…”