Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid–liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.

Volatile Compounds and Total Phenolic Content of Perilla frutescens at Microgreens and Mature Stages

“…Indeed, among ten accessions of P. frutescens Ahmed and Tavaszi-Sarosi [7] detected a total polyphenol content between 137.5 and 234.2 mg GAE/g DW, while Radacsi et al [27] found values between 84.7 and 204.3 mg GAE/g DW in leaves of five different accessions of P. frutescens analyzing them in two consecutive years. Additionally, recent publications have indicated values around 200 mg GAE/g DW for both varieties (green and red) of P. frutescens [28] and even values of more than 400 mg GAE/g DW in leaves of an unspecified Chinese basil variety [29].…”

“…According to the correlation between the level of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity [32], the low TPC content is probably the reason for the low levels of antioxidant capacity which can hardly be directly compared with other authors due to the lack of uniformity in the unit of measurement used to express the data, e.g., for the DPPH assay, from % [28] down to µg of Trolox/mg DW [29] or the IC 50 [33].…”

Bioactivity of Dietary Polyphenols: The Role in LDL-C Lowering

“…In a recent animal study, polyphenols-rich Perilla frutescens leaf extracts (250 mg/kg body weight (bw)) were orally administrated to high-fat-diet-fed rats for 4 weeks. The results revealed that Perilla frutescens significantly reduced the plasma LDL-C level by 53% (p < 0.05) [78]. In an animal model study conducted by Li and colleagues revealed that the decrease of the plasma LDL-C content by 45% in the onion-fed group was associated with the inhibition of HMGR and the upregulation of LDLR expression, which was a plausible mechanism for its LDL-C lowering effect.…”

Determination of the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Onosma mollis DC

“…In another study conducted by Sarikurkcu et al [50], the MeOH extract of O. ambigens exhibited higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity than other extracts and was rich in apigenin 7-glucoside and luteolin 7-glucoside. ere are also some reports in the literature that plant extracts rich in rosmarinic acid [61][62][63], vanillic acid [64,65], and pinoresinol [66] show significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity.…”