“…The gradient damage model (Pham and Marigo, 2010;Aslan et al, 2011), physical/mechanical community-based phase-field fracture models (Karma et al, 2001;Hofacker and Miehe, 2012;Borden et al, 2012) that traces back to the reformulation of Griffith's principle in Griffith (1921), and peridynamics (Piola, 1846;Silling, 2000;dell'Isola et al, 2015), which may be regarded as generalized non-local continuum mechanics, fall within this category. Replacing partial differential equations in the phase-field model by integrals in peridynamics frameworks allows for topologically-complex fractures such as intersecting and branching to be handled in both two and three dimensions (Roy et al, 2017). Coupling smeared and discrete crack approaches, for example, the element deletion method (Song et al, 2008), the combined non-local damage and cohesive zone method (Borst et al, 2004;Della Corte et al, 2017), and the thick level-set method in Bernard et al (2012) have also shown promising results in modeling fracture.…”