Peridomestic Risk Factors for Canine Leishmaniasis in Urban Dwellings: New Findings From a Prospective Study in Brazil

Moreira, Edson Duarte; Souza, Verena Maria Mendes de; Sreenivasan, M.; Lopes, Nilson L.; Silva, Ronald Bispo Barreto da; Carvalho, Lidiane dos Santos

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.393

Cited by 64 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…There was no association between L. infantum infection and the dog's sex, age, or degree of confinement, corroborating other studies 24,34,35,36,37 . The household's proximity to forest areas also failed to show an association with L. infantum infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

et al. 2018

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Resumo: Foi avaliada a associação entre características ambientais obtidas por sensoriamento remoto e a prevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) no bairro do Jacaré, área de recente introdução da doença, no Município de Niterói, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo seccional para avaliação da prevalência de LVC, definida por meio da positividade no teste imunocromatográfico rápido em dupla plataforma (dual path platform - DPP), confirmada com o ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE). Foram incluídos 97 cães com prevalência de LVC de 21,6%. Houve maior frequência de LVC em cães com a convivência com outro cão, gambá, mico e ouriço-terrestre, assim como com a história de remoção de outros cães com LVC do domicílio. Na análise multivariada, ajustada por sexo e idade do cão, cães residentes em áreas com maior cobertura de vegetação esparsa apresentaram prevalência da infecção por Leishmania infantum cinco vezes maior do que aqueles que residiam em áreas menos vegetadas (OR = 5,72; IC95%: 1,47-22,20). Por outro lado, áreas mais urbanizadas caracterizadas como comerciais ou residenciais carentes, identificadas pelo sensoriamento remoto como aquelas com alta densidade de estruturas cinza, estiveram associadas à menor ocorrência da LVC (OR = 0,09; IC95%: 0,01-0,92). A maior prevalência de infecção em cães convivendo com outros animais silvestres e em áreas com maior cobertura vegetal, associada com menor prevalência em áreas urbanizadas, indica um padrão rural de transmissão da LVC nessa área.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

et al. 2018

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“…This might be explained by the methodology used in our work and also the higher levels of deforestation and degraded living conditions in our studied area. Notably, all infected sandflies were found in the peridomicile areas where we could observe a large number of animals, mainly chickens and dogs (Moreira et al 2003, Rotureau 2006.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered an important neglected disease that affects many countries of the world (Desjeux 2004). On the American continent, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi, which is transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts (e.g., dogs) through the bite of a female sandfly. Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered to be the main vector for VL in Brazil (Lainson & Rangel 2005).A high proportion of L. chagasi infected persons do not present any clinical symptoms of disease, even after a long incubation period (asymptomatic form) (Evans et al. 1992, Romero et al. 2009). Cohort studies in Brazil have described detection of asymptomatic seroconvertors with a sensitive and specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test using crude antigens from promastigotes (Badaró et al. 1986a, c) Malnutrition is considered one of the most important factors associated with the development of clinical symptoms of leishmaniasis (Alvar et al. 2006). The high frequency of Leishmania infection found in human beings, dogs and Lu. longipalpis in previous studies in the municipality of Raposa, state of Maranhão (MA), Brazil, may also be associated with poverty (Caldas et al. 2001(Caldas et al. , 2002.Notably, the current knowledge on the epidemiology of VL is mainly based on studies examining the prevalence of Leishmania infections only among humans. There are few studies that simultaneously examine L. chagasi infection across several known hosts and carriers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the asymptomatic L. chagasi infection rates in human beings, dogs and the vector Lu. longipalpis in the VL endemic area of Raposa. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was performed from August 2006-July 2008 in Vila Maresia, Vila Marisol and Vila Pantoja; all three neighbourhoods are located in the municipality of Raposa situated in the northern coastal region of MA, approximately 28 km from the state capital, São Luis (Figure).In this study, the inclusion criteria for human subjects were the following: living in an endemic area for more than six months, no signs and symptoms of VL (fever for more than 2 weeks, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss or mucocutaneous pallor) and no previous history of VL. As exclusion criteria, we considered a history of treatment for VL (including treatment failures and relapses), individuals with known immunodeficiency or currently using immunosuppressants and comorbidities (evidence of other conditions leading to splenomegaly, such as schistosomiasis and malaria).In a preliminary census survey, we found 1,417 inhabitants, 986 (70%) of whom participated in the study. This 30% loss was mainly due to internal and external migrations, as well as refusal to participate in the study. Overall, 986 (69.6%) out of 1,417 inhabitants that lived more than six months in the area and did not exhibit clinical VL symptoms participated in the study. From these, 857 individuals (86.9%) were from Vila Maresia, 77 individuals (7.7%) were from Vila Marisol and 52...

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“…The epidemic pattern of disease transmission is also showing changes in important urban centers such as Boa Vista, Teresina, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte and Cuiabá 2,7,17 , where infected dogs represent an active reservoir for the parasite transmission because of their constant proximity with humans 7 . It is essential to diagnose CVL and HVL in order to achieve control over this zoonosis, particularly with regard to identify the epidemiological risk factors 18 .…”

Section: References Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Dias D'Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil

Oliveira

Araújo

Alves

et al. 2010

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in relation to public health systems. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir. This study aimed to investigate occurrences of canine VL in Dias D' Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil. Methods: The prevalence was evaluated by means of clinical and laboratory tests on a population of 312 domestic dogs from 23 localities in this municipality, using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic assays. Results: Among the animals examined, 3.2% and 6.7% showed signs of VL, confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzymatic assays, respectively, with a distribution of 29.9% (24 dogs) in the rural zone and 4.9% (288 dogs) in the urban zone (p = 0.001). The clinical evaluation on seropositive dogs showed both asymptomatic animals (2.4%) and symptomatic animals (47.6%), along with other abnormalities (e.g. normocytic and normochromic anemia, with leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia). Observations relating to phenotypic characteristics (e.g. sex, age, breed and hair) did not present statistical significance, although high seropositivity among male, short-haired and mixed-breed dogs was observed. Conclusions: The findings showed that VL was a predominantly rural zoonosis and that close contact between poultry and domestic dogs significantly increased the risk of canine infection in this region.

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Peridomestic Risk Factors for Canine Leishmaniasis in Urban Dwellings: New Findings From a Prospective Study in Brazil

Cited by 64 publications

References 28 publications

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Fatores ambientais associados à ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral canina em uma área de recente introdução da doença no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Seroprevalence and risk factors for canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Dias D'Ávila, State of Bahia, Brazil

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