Abstract:The discovery that pericytes are in vivo counterparts of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) has placed these perivascular cells in the research spotlight, bringing up hope for a well-characterized cell source for clinical applications, alternative to poorly defined, heterogeneous MSCs preparations currently in use. Native pericytes express typical MSC markers and, after isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, display an MSC phenotype in culture. These features have been demonstrated in different s… Show more
“…Analysis of the remaining 2490 cells resulted in 10 cell clusters with distinct gene expression profiles (Figure 1B and S2A). Cell type identities were assigned based on previously published cell-type specific markers [21,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (Figure 1B). Cells in clusters 0, 1, 3, and 4 expressed high levels of chondrocyte markers Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan [25] and were labeled 'chondrocytes' (Figure 1C,D).…”
“…Cluster 5 was labeled 'osteoblasts' based on enrichment of the well-known osteoblast markers Col1a1, Col1a2, osteocalcin (Bglap), and alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) (Figure 1D) [29]. Cluster 6 showed high expression of endothelial cell markers Pecam1, Ptprb, and VE-Cadherin (Cdh5) [21,30] whereas cluster 8 showed enrichment for pericyte markers including Rgs5, Myh11, and Mcam [28,[31][32][33], and were classified as 'endothelial' and 'pericytes', respectively (Figure 1D). We also identified a small cluster of 'synovial intimal fibroblasts' (SIFs).…”
Articular cartilage is a connective tissue lining the surfaces of synovial joints. When the cartilage severely wears down, it leads to osteoarthritis (OA), a debilitating disease that affects millions of people globally. The articular cartilage is composed of a dense extracellular matrix (ECM) with a sparse distribution of chondrocytes with varying morphology and potentially different functions. Elucidating the molecular and functional profiles of various chondrocyte subtypes and understanding the interplay between these chondrocyte subtypes and other cell types in the joint will greatly expand our understanding of joint biology and OA pathology. Although recent advances in high-throughput OMICS technologies have enabled molecular-level characterization of tissues and organs at an unprecedented resolution, thorough molecular profiling of articular chondrocytes has not yet been undertaken, which may be in part due to the technical difficulties in isolating chondrocytes from dense cartilage ECM. In this study, we profiled articular cartilage from healthy and injured mouse knee joints at a single-cell resolution and identified nine chondrocyte subtypes with distinct molecular profiles and injury-induced early molecular changes in these chondrocytes. We also compared mouse chondrocyte subpopulations to human chondrocytes and evaluated the extent of molecular similarity between mice and humans. This work expands our view of chondrocyte heterogeneity and rapid molecular changes in chondrocyte populations in response to joint trauma and highlights potential mechanisms that trigger cartilage degeneration.
“…Analysis of the remaining 2490 cells resulted in 10 cell clusters with distinct gene expression profiles (Figure 1B and S2A). Cell type identities were assigned based on previously published cell-type specific markers [21,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (Figure 1B). Cells in clusters 0, 1, 3, and 4 expressed high levels of chondrocyte markers Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan [25] and were labeled 'chondrocytes' (Figure 1C,D).…”
“…Cluster 5 was labeled 'osteoblasts' based on enrichment of the well-known osteoblast markers Col1a1, Col1a2, osteocalcin (Bglap), and alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) (Figure 1D) [29]. Cluster 6 showed high expression of endothelial cell markers Pecam1, Ptprb, and VE-Cadherin (Cdh5) [21,30] whereas cluster 8 showed enrichment for pericyte markers including Rgs5, Myh11, and Mcam [28,[31][32][33], and were classified as 'endothelial' and 'pericytes', respectively (Figure 1D). We also identified a small cluster of 'synovial intimal fibroblasts' (SIFs).…”
Articular cartilage is a connective tissue lining the surfaces of synovial joints. When the cartilage severely wears down, it leads to osteoarthritis (OA), a debilitating disease that affects millions of people globally. The articular cartilage is composed of a dense extracellular matrix (ECM) with a sparse distribution of chondrocytes with varying morphology and potentially different functions. Elucidating the molecular and functional profiles of various chondrocyte subtypes and understanding the interplay between these chondrocyte subtypes and other cell types in the joint will greatly expand our understanding of joint biology and OA pathology. Although recent advances in high-throughput OMICS technologies have enabled molecular-level characterization of tissues and organs at an unprecedented resolution, thorough molecular profiling of articular chondrocytes has not yet been undertaken, which may be in part due to the technical difficulties in isolating chondrocytes from dense cartilage ECM. In this study, we profiled articular cartilage from healthy and injured mouse knee joints at a single-cell resolution and identified nine chondrocyte subtypes with distinct molecular profiles and injury-induced early molecular changes in these chondrocytes. We also compared mouse chondrocyte subpopulations to human chondrocytes and evaluated the extent of molecular similarity between mice and humans. This work expands our view of chondrocyte heterogeneity and rapid molecular changes in chondrocyte populations in response to joint trauma and highlights potential mechanisms that trigger cartilage degeneration.
“…This group has identified pericytes in multiple human organs (skeletal muscle, pancreas, adipose tissue and placenta) based on the expression of cell markers: CD146, NG2 and PDGF-Rβ. They found out that these cells expressed typical MSCs markers and in a specific culture medium they could differentiate into myocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes [27, 32, 33]. Fig.…”
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells, with capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into tissues of mesodermal origin. These cells are possible therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders, since they present remarkable immunomodulatory ability.The increase of immune-mediated diseases in veterinary medicine has led to a growing interest in the research of these disorders and their medical treatment. Conventional immunomodulatory drug therapy such as glucocorticoids or other novel therapies such as cyclosporine or monoclonal antibodies are associated with numerous side effects that limit its long-term use, leading to the need for developing new therapeutic strategies that can be more effective and safe.The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview about the therapeutic potential of these cells in the treatment of some autoimmune disorders (canine atopic dermatitis, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and feline asthma) compared with their conventional treatment.Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in autoimmune diseases has been showing that this approach can ameliorate clinical signs or even cause remission in most animals, with the exception of canine atopic dermatitis in which little to no improvement was observed.Although mesenchymal stem cells present a promising future in the treatment of most of these disorders, the variability in the outcomes of some clinical trials has led to the current controversy among authors regarding their efficacy. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is currently requiring a deeper and detailed analysis that allows its standardization and better adaptation to the intended therapeutic results, in order to overcome current limitations in future trials.
“…Another interesting topic could be the role of pericytes in angiogenesis and their potential in regenerative medicine in different species including the horse. An exciting review has been published recently by Esteves and Donadeu (2018).…”
The cardiovascular system is the first functional organ in the embryo, and its blood vessels form a widespread conductive network within the organism. Blood vessels develop de novo, by the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis) or by angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the horse including studies on equine endothelial cells. Principal study fields in equine angiogenesis research were identified: equine endothelial progenitor cells; equine endothelial cells and angiogenesis (heterogeneity, markers and assessment); endothelial regulatory molecules in equine angiogenesis; angiogenesis research in equine reproduction (ovary, uterus, placenta and conceptus, testis); angiogenesis research in pathological conditions (tumours, ocular pathologies, equine wound healing, musculoskeletal system and laminitis). The review also includes a table that summarizes in vitro studies on equine endothelial cells, either describing the isolation procedure or using previously isolated endothelial cells. A particular challenge of the review was that results published are fragmentary and sometimes even contradictory, raising more questions than they answer. In conclusion, angiogenesis is a major factor in several diseases frequently occurring in horses, but relatively few studies focus on angiogenesis in the horse. The challenge for the future is therefore to continue exploring new therapeutic angiogenesis strategies for horses to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle.
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