Periconceptional diet and the risk of gestational diabetes in south Indian women: findings from the BAngalore Nutrition Gestational diabetes LiFEstyle Study (BANGLES)

The association between ultra-processed food and common pregnancy adverse outcomes: a dose-response systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Subsequent full-text assessment of the 80 remaining studies resulted in the exclusion of a further 26 articles for the following reasons: five articles reported outcomes not relevant to our research scope, six lacked sufficient data, and 15 did not focus on relevant exposure (Supplemental Table 3 ). Consequently, 54 studies met our inclusion criteria and were selected in the present meta-analysis [ 16 – 18 , 30 – 79 ].

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“…The selected studies (detailed in Supplemental Table 4 ) encompass 38 cohort studies [ 16 , 31 , 33 – 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 – 49 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 – 62 , 65 – 67 , 69 – 71 , 73 – 75 , 78 ], 11 case-control studies [ 17 , 18 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 50 , 63 , 66 , 68 , 72 , 77 ], and five cross-sectional studies [ 38 , 46 , 64 , 76 , 79 ]. These articles, conducted between 1988 and 2023, originated from different countries including the USA [ 33 , 36 , 53 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 69 , 74 , 78 ], the UK [ 16 ], China [ 43 , 49 , 51 , 71 , 73 ], Brazil [ 31 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 68 , 79 ], Spain [ 39 , 40 , 42 , 55 , 57 ], Iran [ 17 , 18 , …”

“…These articles, conducted between 1988 and 2023, originated from different countries including the USA [ 33 , 36 , 53 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 69 , 74 , 78 ], the UK [ 16 ], China [ 43 , 49 , 51 , 71 , 73 ], Brazil [ 31 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 68 , 79 ], Spain [ 39 , 40 , 42 , 55 , 57 ], Iran [ 17 , 18 , 30 , 32 , 48 , 54 , 66 , 76 , 77 ], Malaysia [ 75 ], Palestine [ 72 ], Australia [ 45 , 46 , 65 ], Singapore [ 37 , 38 ], Norway [ 35 , 44 , 47 ], Japan [ 41 , 67 ], Czech Republic [ 34 ], Iceland [ 70 ] and Denmark [ 61 ]. The study-specific, maximally adjusted RR was reported for 552,686 individuals across the included articles and was pooled for meta-analysis to assess the association between UPFs and the risk GDM [ 16 , 32 – 34 , 36 , 38 – 41 , 43 , 48 – 51 , 53 – 56 , 59 , 60 , ...…”

“…The study-specific, maximally adjusted RR was reported for 552,686 individuals across the included articles and was pooled for meta-analysis to assess the association between UPFs and the risk GDM [ 16 , 32 – 34 , 36 , 38 – 41 , 43 , 48 – 51 , 53 – 56 , 59 , 60 , 64 – 66 , 70 – 75 , 77 – 79 ], PE [ 17 , 18 , 30 , 35 , 48 , 52 , 62 , 69 , 74 , 76 ], PTB [ 31 , 37 , 44 – 46 , 48 , 52 , 58 , 61 , 67 ], LBW [ 45 , 63 , 67 ] and SGA infants [ 46 , 67 , 68 ]. The Newcastle-Ottawa grade (used for quality assessment) categorized 27 studies as high quality [ 17 , 33 , 35 – 37 , 39 – 45 , 47 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 74 , 75 , 78 ] and 27 as medium quality [ 16 ,…”

“…However, the previous meta-analysis did not encompass a comprehensive set of extant studies for each adverse outcome (as evidenced by the inclusion of only 10 studies for GDM in contrast to the 44 studies incorporated in our current investigation), thereby underscoring the challenge posed by the unutilized data in previous analyses. Additionally, recent studies of relevance have emerged [ 16 – 18 ] and the preceding meta-analytic work did not include a dose-response analysis [ 15 ]. The integration of dose-response analysis offers benefits such as facilitating the formulation of public health directives, augmenting precision, and quantifying the dose-response relationship.…”