Pericardial Effusion in Cats: A Retrospective Study of Clinical Findings and Outcome in 146 Cats

Abstract

Background: Pericardial effusion (PE) in dogs most often is associated with neoplasia or idiopathic pericarditis, and frequently causes cardiac tamponade. Studies of PE in the cat are limited.Hypothesis: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the most common cause of PE in the cat. Animals: All cats diagnosed with PE on echocardiographic examination at the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (MJR-VHUP) from 2000 to 2005.Methods: The clinical and pathologic findings in 146 cats with PE were reviewed. Records were examined retrospectively to identify additional underlying conditions. Follow-up status and cause of death were determined by review of the medical records or phone interviews with the owners.Results: The most common cause of PE in this study was CHF (75%). Biochemical abnormalities were uncommon, but aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity frequently was increased (85%). Follow-up information was available on 108 cats (74%). Median survival time (MST) was 144 days for cats that were not euthanized within 24 hours (n 5 85). The MST of cats with heart failure was 41 days, whereas the MST of cats without heart failure was 361 days, when those euthanized within 24 hours were excluded.Conclusions: Survival time of cats with heart failure in this study was significantly shorter than previously reported, and significantly shorter than in cats without heart failure as a cause of PE.

Pericardial Diseases

“…Cats with hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathy [12] and dogs with advanced degenerative mitral valve disease with pulmonary arterial hypertension can develop serous pericardial effusion as a result of increased diastolic pressure in the pericardial veins (Figures 17-10 and 17-11, Videos 17-3 and 17-4).…”

“…In this context, fluid overload could be a triggering factor [12]. Pericardial effusion is usually minimal to moderate.…”

“…In cats, pericardial effusions are frequently associated with advanced cardiomyopathy. Another cause is feline infectious peritonitis (Table 17-2) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Treatment of feline asthma with ciclosporin in a cat with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure

“…, mild-tomoderate mitral valve regurgitation and mild pericardial effusion, a common manifestation of CHF in cats. 8,9 Thoracic radiographic and echocardiographic findings were suggestive of concurrent left-sided CHF and lower airway disease. Although the patient was mildly tachypneic at presentation, it was not in respiratory distress and was considered stable for discharge from the hospital without the need for oxygen therapy.…”

“…An echocardiogram (ECG; GE Vivid 7) was performed and revealed severe global left ventricular hypertrophy, severe left atrial (LA) enlargement (LA diameter to aortic [Ao] diameter ratio [LA/Ao] = 2.35 [RI <1.5], LA long axis diameter [LA LAX ] = 2.23 cm [RI <1.6 cm]), mild-tomoderate mitral valve regurgitation and mild pericardial effusion, a common manifestation of CHF in cats. 8,9 Abstract A 5-year-old domestic shorthair cat that had been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was presented for episodes of coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnostic testing revealed congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and concurrent asthma.…”