Periarticular Proprioception: Analyzing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Corpuscular Mechanosensors in the Dorsal Part of the Scapholunate Ligament

Abstract

Introduction Sensory nerve endings transmit mechanical stimuli into afferent neural signals and form the basis of proprioception, giving rise to the self-perception of dynamic stability of joints. We aimed to analyze the three-dimensional structure of periarticular corpuscular sensory nerve endings in a carpal ligament to enhance our understanding of their microstructure. Methods Two dorsal parts of the scapholunate ligament were excised from two human cadaveric wrist specimens. Consecutive cryosections were stained with immunofluorescence markers protein S100B, neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and 4′ ,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Three-dimensional images of sensory nerve endings were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy and subsequent analysis was performed using Imaris software. Results Ruffini endings were characterized by a PGP 9.5-positive central axon, with a median diameter of 4.63 µm and contained a median of 25 cells. The p75-positive capsule had a range in thickness of 0.94 µm and 15.5 µm, consisting of single to three layers of lamellar cells. Ruffini endings were significantly smaller in volume than Pacini corpuscles or Golgi-like endings. The latter contained a median of three intracorpuscular structures. Ruffini endings and Golgi-like endings presented a similar structural composition of their capsule and subscapular space. The central axon of Pacini corpuscles was surrounded by S100-positive cells forming the inner core which was significantly smaller than the outer core, which was immunoreactive for p75 and PGP 9.5. Conclusion This study reports new data regarding the intricate outer and intracorpuscular 3D morphology of periarticular sensory nerve endings, including the volume, number of cells and structural composition. These results may form a basis to differ between normal and pathological morphological changes in periarticular sensory nerve endings in future studies.