Peri‐implantation cytokine profile differs between singleton and twin IVF pregnancies

Abstract

Implantation is characterized by an initial inflammatory reaction to the invading semi-allogenic embryo, which is then modulated to allow fetal development, growth, and eventually successful timely culmination of an uneventful pregnancy. Cytokines and chemokines are secreted signals that act on maternal decidual cells and on the blastocyst itself to play key regulatory roles in the processes of

Mechanisms of immune regulation by the placenta: Role of type I interferon and interferon‐stimulated genes signaling during pregnancy*

“…30 In addition, macrophages are another important cellular component modulating the inflammatory milieu at the implantation site. 32 During early implantation, macrophages present at the decidua are M1 type 33,34 and produce inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα 35 ; necessary for the modulation of cytokines and chemokines produced by the stroma. 36 Consequently, the modification of the type of macrophages present in the second phase of the implantation process is critical for the inflammatory shift.…”

DataSheet_1.pdf

“…Another important characteristic for a successful implantation is inflammation (27). An inflammatory microenvironment within the stroma of the uterus has been shown to be highly critical for implantation (8,28,29). Different immune cells will migrate to the site of endometrium and site of implantation, such as macrophages (MAC), dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer cells (NK) (8).…”