Performative secularism: school-sponsored prayer in China's National College Entrance Exam

Howlett, Zachary M.

doi:10.1080/14672715.2022.2099439

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Methods: Participant Observation Along the Rural–urban Conti...1

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2022

2024

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Cited by 4 publications

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“…In my second year of research, I shifted my focus toward popular religious practices associated with the Gaokao, which I explore in other publications (Howlett 2021a, chap. 6, 2022a, 2022b). I use pseudonyms to protect the anonymity of my respondents, and the names of Ningzhou and Mountain County and Town are also aliases.…”

Section: Methods: Participant Observation Along the Rural–urban Conti...mentioning

confidence: 98%

Gaokao Warriors: Diligent Struggle in China's College Entrance Exam

Howlett

2022

Anthropology & Edu Quarterly

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Those who compete in the Gaokao, China's College Entrance Exam, are often referred to as Gaokao zhanshi, or warriors. Based on long‐term ethnographic research, this article examines how Gaokao warriors combine two types of agency that are conventionally considered contradictory: the docile cultivation of virtue and the struggle against social marginalization. I argue that analyzing this nuli fendou, or diligent struggle, can contribute to a more complex understanding of the Gaokao and similar educational competitions.

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Section: Methods: Participant Observation Along the Rural–urban Conti...mentioning

confidence: 98%