Performance Studies of High Gain Photomultiplier Having Z-Configuration of Microchannel Plates

Lo, C. C.; Leskovar, B.

doi:10.1109/tns.1981.4331265

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The versatility of the MCP makes it a gain-producing element of choice for energetic particles (ionic and neutral species), electrons, X-rays, and from UV to IR when used with appropriate photocathodes. The broad descriptive work of MCPs can be found in early work [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Demonstration of an IonCCD as an Alternative Pixelated Anode for Direct MCP Readout in a Compact MS-Based Detector

Hadjar

Fowler

Kibelka

et al. 2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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We report on the preliminary testing of a new position-sensitive detector (PSD) by combining a microchannel plate (MCP) and a charge-sensitive pixilated anode with a direct readout based on charge-coupled detector (CCD) technology, which will be referred to as IonCCD (Hadjar et al. , allowing it to be used directly behind an MC. This MCP-IonCCD configuration potentially obviates the need for electro-optical ion detector systems (EOIDs), which typically feature a relatively difficult-to-implement 5-kV power source as well as a phosphorus screen behind the MCP for conversion of electrons to photons prior to signal generation in a photosensitive CCD. Thus, the new system (MCP-IonCCD) has the potential to be smaller, simpler, more robust, and more cost efficient than EOID-based technologies in many applications. The use of the IonCCD as direct MCP readout anode, as opposed to its direct use as an ion detector, will benefit from the instant three-tofour-order-of-magnitude gain of the MCP with virtually no additional noise. The signal/noise gain can be used for either sensitivity or speed enhancement of the detector. The speed enhancement may motivate the development of faster IonCCD readout speeds (currently at 2.7 ms) to achieve the 2 kHz frame rate for which the IonCCD chip was designed, a must for transient signal applications. The presented detector exhibits clear potential not only as a trace analysis detector in scan-free mass spectrometry and electron spectroscopy but also as a compact detector for photon and particle imaging applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Demonstration of an IonCCD as an Alternative Pixelated Anode for Direct MCP Readout in a Compact MS-Based Detector

Hadjar

Fowler

Kibelka

et al. 2011

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…These pulses were frequency doubled with an ammonium dihydrogen arsenate crystal to give 295-nm radiation. For detection, we used an ITT F4129 photomultiplier with jitter (timing uncertainty) reported (19) as 125 psec.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of single-photon-counting measurements of excited-state lifetimes

Zimmerman

Penn

Carpenter

1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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An extremely short instrumental response function for a single-photon-counting system has been obtained by using a low-jitter photomultiplier tube, fast amplification of the single photoelectron pulse from this photomultiplier, a constant fraction discriminator with a-wide bandwidth input, and a stable reference timing signal. This synchronously mode-locked laser system has been shown to be capable of measuring the fluorescence lifetimes of compounds from 66 psec to 4.5 nsec. The estimated error in these determinations is 6% or 10 psec, whichever is greater. This apparatus has proved itself to be superior to the previously used nitrogen flashlamp apparatus for the determination of subnanosecond lifetimes. The validity of using deconvolution to determine lifetimes shorter than the instrumental response function has been verified.Single-photon counting was first reported by Bollinger and Thomas (1) and has gained wide acceptance as a technique for measuring fluorescence lifetimes (2). In our research, the method has proved extremely valuable for studying the interrelationship between structure and reactivity in photochemical processes (3-9).The goals of the present research were (i) extension of our capabilities in measurement of ultrarapid excited-state decay rates and (ii) checking further on the reliability of our methodology, including deconvolution, which has occasionally been looked on with some vague uncertainty.The single-photon-counting method depends on an excitation light pulse initiating a linear voltage ramp in a time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) and emergence ofa single fluorescence photon stopping the TAC. The TAC output, measuring the time delay between excitation flash and observation ofa fluorescence photon, is led to an analog-to-digital converter, and stored in a multichannel analyzer or a minicomputer.Some recent single-photon-counting measurements from the literature are summarized in Table 1.Our previous single-photon-counting instrumentation used a nitrogen flashlamp. Although our instrumental response (see below) was appreciable (1-3 nsec), deconvolution techniques allowed measurement of excited-state lifetimes as short as 124 psec (9). However, many examples of molecular excited-state decay of interest to our research have room temperature lifetimes shorter than 100 psec, necessitating the use ofa technique based on slowing the rates by decreasing the temperature and independently determining the ratio (the "magic multiplier") of room temperature to low temperature decay from the fluorescence quantum yield ratio (9). EXPERIMENTAL Chemicals. Coumarin 450, rhodamine 6G, and sodium fluorescein were laser grade materials from Exciton and were used without further purification. Rose bengal was chromatographed on a 2 x 50 cm silica gel column slurry packed and eluted with acetone/ethanol (2:1), collecting 10-ml fractions. Fractions 15-19 were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy to be rose bengal. Erythrosin was obtained from Aldrich and used without further purification. Methanol a...

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“…phototube Lo and Leskovar 27 tested, the dark noise from the stack, with the photocathode backbiased, was 5 counts/sec with V m =2.4kV, and a threshold of 0.13 secondary electrons. We believe the cause of dark noise at small pulse heights is thermal and field emission of electrons.…”

Section: Sources Of Dark Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effective resistance R across the microchp^nel-plate stack varies with / because the current in fired pores acts as a leakage cuovnt and the anode current from the microchannel-plate stack to the anode acts as a current shunt. 27 " When l = 0,R takes on the fixed value, R". The manufacturer measured the resistance for each of these microchannel plates before assembly.…”

Section: Dynamic Range and Upper Limit On Anode Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a group of pores in the microchannel-plate stack is fired, the recovery time to replace the stored charge in the surrounding glass is on the order of 50 to 100 msec. 26,27 If the same group of pores is fired before the charge is replaced, the gain and the resulting pulse height will be reduced. 58,55 This gain reduction is different from, and in addition to, the gain reduction discussed in section 4.1, which depends on the value of V m .…”

Section: Recovery Time Maximum Background Rate and Low-energy Backgmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A low background-rate detector for ions in the 5 to 50 keV energy range to be used for radioisotope dating with a small cyclotron

Friedman¹

1986

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represents that its use would not infringe privately owned ir^hls. Refer ence herein to any specific commerrial product, process, or service by trade name, itadcmark, manufacturer, or otherwise docs not necessarily oonstntute or nraply Els endorsement, recom mendation, ' &T favoring by 4he United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and ocanions-ctf authors expressed herein do ac& tKoessaTal}' suit or nfleci those cf the United Stales Gcnvmmcr.i or any agency ihcrcof. MASTER BlSTfiiBUTIOH OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED 3.3. Ion-signal pulse-height distribution 27 3.3.1. Effects of ion species, incidence angle, and energy on secondary-electron yield 3.4. Dark-noise and background pulse-height distributions and rates 3.4.1. Reducton of background by discrimination 3.4.2. Dark-noise stability 3.4.3. Sources of dark noise 3.5. Ion-counting efficiency versus dark-noise and background rates 3.5.1. Other criteria for choosing microchar.nel-plate voltage 3.6. Stability of gain, signal, and background after exposure to high currents or air 3.6.1. Experience and suggestions about exposure to air 3.7. Damage to electron multiplier from high-voltage discharge 3.7.1. Precautions to prevent damage 4. Operating ranges 4.1. Dynamic range and upper limit on anode current 4.2. Recovery time, maximum background rate, and low-energy background suppression 54 4.3. Ion-beam size and incidence angle 55 4.4. Operating pressures 56 4.5. Sensitivity to magnetic fields 57 4.6. Uniformity of response over microchannel plate and dynode surfaces 59 5. Conclusion 61 References 63 ion detector, and he gave me the opportunity to be eclectic in graduate school. Terry Mast lightened my load with insightful discussions and helped me to see the forest through the trees when I had lost my way. Luis Alvarez taught me to be sure of where I am headed and to report what I see clearly. Maynard Michel generously loaned me the use of an entire lab, including the wonderful mass separator he built, while I assembled and tested the detector. More important, he gave me the benefit of his time, knowledge,and experience from which I learned daily. Saul Perlmutter traveled this road beside me from the beginning to the end. He is a good listener and a fine companion. Ed Eberhardt answered countless questions about microchannel plates. Leonard Dietz provided critical information about secondary-electron emission. My parents had faith in me and encouraged me to find my own way. My daughter Erica put up with seeing me less than she wanted and greeted me joyfully when I came home. Most of all I thank Suzanne, for walking with me when the road is rocky. A Low Background-Rate Detector for Ions in the 5 to 50 keV Energy Range to be Used for Radioisotope Dating with a Small Cyclotron

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Performance Studies of High Gain Photomultiplier Having Z-Configuration of Microchannel Plates

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Preliminary Demonstration of an IonCCD as an Alternative Pixelated Anode for Direct MCP Readout in a Compact MS-Based Detector

Preliminary Demonstration of an IonCCD as an Alternative Pixelated Anode for Direct MCP Readout in a Compact MS-Based Detector

Evaluation of single-photon-counting measurements of excited-state lifetimes

A low background-rate detector for ions in the 5 to 50 keV energy range to be used for radioisotope dating with a small cyclotron

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