Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks

Mora-Rodríguez, Ricardo; Pallarés, Jesús G.

doi:10.1111/nure.12132

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Increased expectancy and belief in caffeine supplements has previously been shown to increase their ergogenic properties [44]. This effect has also been previously imitated through placebo consumption [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance in Trained and Untrained Individuals

Brooks¹,

Wyld²,

Chrismas

2015

J Athl Enhancement

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Objective: The primary aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of a caffeine based supplement on the strength performance of trained and untrained individuals with a secondary investigation into the effects of a placebo.Method: Seven resistance trained (>6 months) and seven untrained (<6 months) males (mean ± SD: age: 21 ± 3 y, mass: 75.2 ± 11.3 kg, height: 176 ± 6 cm) consumed either caffeine (CAF) (5 mg.kg.bw -1 ), placebo (PLA) or nothing (CON) 60 minutes prior to 1 RM squat measurements in a double-blinded, repeated measures design. A two way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to test for the main effects of condition (CAF, PLA, CON) and group (Trained, Untrained), and the interaction effect (condition x group).Results: A significant interaction effect (F (2,11) =4.38, p=0.024) for 1 RM was observed. In the untrained group there was significant difference between CON and PLA (p<0.001). On average 1 RM in the untrained group was 12% lower in the CON trial (92.1 kg) compared to the PLA (102.9 kg; 95% CI=-5.3 to -16.1 kg), and 9% lower compared to CAF (p=0.005; 95% CI=-2.7 to 14.5 kg). There was no significant difference in 1 RM in the untrained group between PLA and CAF (p=0.87, 95% CI -3.2 to 7.5 kg). Additionally, there were no significant differences for the trained group between conditions. There was also a significant main effect for condition for 1 RM (F (2,11)= 12.81, p<0.001) . Overall the CON trial was 6% lower (p=0.001, 95% CI=-3.0 to -10.6 kg) than the PLA trial (117.9 kg; 95% CI 97.6 to 124.6 kg), and 5% lower (p=0.12, 95% CI=-1.2 to -9.5 kg) than the CAF trial (116.4 kg; 95% CI 105.0 to 127.8 kg). There was no significant difference between PLA and CAF (p=0.951). Finally, there was a significant main effect for group (F (1,12) =8.79, p=0.12). On average 1 RM was 25% higher in the trained group (131.7 kg; 95% CI=114.5 to 148.9 kg) compared to the untrained group (98.6 kg; 95% CI=81.4 to 115.8 kg). Conclusion:These findings suggest that both a caffeine supplementation and placebo improve 1 RM in untrained individuals but do not improve performance in resistance trained athletes. No significant differences between caffeine and placebo, suggests placebo induced mechanisms also need to be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acute Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance in Trained and Untrained Individuals

Brooks¹,

Wyld²,

Chrismas

2015

J Athl Enhancement

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“…Despite the increasing popularity and consumption of energy drinks worldwide (Heckman et al 2010), there has been surprisingly little robust investigation into their effects on the cardiovascular system. The research which has been undertaken is often focused on sport or cognitive performance (for reviews, see Mora-Rodriguez and Pallares 2014;Childs 2014), lacks tight control of food and beverage consumption prior to testing (Franks et al 2012), and the hemodynamic measurements are infrequent during the postdrink period making the detection of small-to-modest changes problematic (Alford et al 2001; Baum and Weiss 2001;Ragsdale et al 2010;Menci et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The blood pressure-elevating effect of Red Bull energy drink is mimicked by caffeine but through different hemodynamic pathways

et al. 2015

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The energy drink Red Bull (RB) has recently been shown to elevate resting blood pressure (BP) and double product (reflecting increased myocardial load). However, the extent to which these effects can be explained by the drink's caffeine and sugar content remains to be determined. We compared the cardiovascular impact of RB to those of a comparable amount of caffeine, and its sugar-free version in eight young healthy men. Participants attended four experimental sessions on separate days according to a placebo-controlled randomized crossover study design. Beat-to-beat hemodynamic measurements were made continuously for 30 min at baseline and for 2 h following ingestion of 355 mL of either (1) RB + placebo; (2) sugar-free RB + placebo; (3) water + 120 mg caffeine, or (4) water + placebo. RB, sugar-free RB, and water + caffeine increased BP equally (3–4 mmHg) in comparison to water + placebo (P < 0.001). RB increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, double product, and cardiac contractility, but decreased total peripheral resistance (TPR) (all P < 0.01), with no such changes observed following the other interventions. Conversely, sugar-free RB and water + caffeine both increased TPR in comparison to the water + placebo control (P < 0.05). While the impact of RB on BP is the same as that of a comparable quantity of caffeine, the increase occurs through different hemodynamic pathways with RB's effects primarily on cardiac parameters, while caffeine elicits primarily vascular effects. Additionally, the auxiliary components of RB (taurine, glucuronolactone, and B-group vitamins) do not appear to influence these pathways.

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“…(29) Caffeine also promotes sodium losses in urine (natriuresis), which effects the plasma volume and results in significant alteration of cardiovascular performance while exercising. (30) In addition, sodium imbalance during prolonged exercise in a hot environment may reduce isometric force in the legs. (31) Greene et al reported a case of acute renal insult in a 40-year-old-year man after daily intake of energy drinks for about 2-3 weeks.…”

Section: Renal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Drink Consumption : Beneficial and Adverse Health Effects

Alsunni¹

2015

IJHS

104

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Consumption of energy drinks has been increasing dramatically in the last two decades, particularly amongst adolescents and young adults. Energy drinks are aggressively marketed with the claim that these products give an energy boost to improve physical and cognitive performance. However, studies supporting these claims are limited. In fact, several adverse health effects have been related to energy drink; this has raised the question of whether these beverages are safe. This review was carried out to identify and discuss the published articles that examined the beneficial and adverse health effects related to energy drink. It is concluded that although energy drink may have beneficial effects on physical performance, these products also have possible detrimental health consequences. Marketing of energy drinks should be limited or forbidden until independent research confirms their safety, particularly among adolescents. Disclosure of benefit:This work was not supported by any drug or commercial company. Manufacturers recently have shifted their consumer focus from athletes to young people. Energy drinks are aggressively marketed in places popular with teens and young adults. Approximately, two thirds of energy drink consumers are 13-35 years old, and boys are two thirds of the market. (4) In the U.S., energy drinks are the second most common dietary supplement used by young people; about 30% consume energy drinks on a regular basis. (5) The popularity of energy drinks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not seem to differ from other parts of the world. Around half of the Saudi University students who participated in a survey admitted to regular consumption of energy. (6) Energy drinks are designed to give an "energy boost" to the drinker by a combination of stimulants and energy boosters. The major constituent in most energy drinks is caffeine. They usually contain 80-150 mg of caffeine per 8 ounces, which is equivalent to 5 ounces of coffee or two 12-ounce cans of caffeinated soda. (7) Most of the brands on the market contain large amounts of glucose while some brands offer artificially sweetened versions. Other commonly used constituents are taurine, methylxanthines, vitamin B, ginseng, guarana, yerba mate, acai, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, and ginkgo biloba. CorrespondenceCurrently, significant concerns have been raised about the safety of these products. There have been several reports that showed adverse health effects associated with energy drink. Despite this, manufactures of energy drinks claim these products are suitable for consumers

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Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks

Cited by 48 publications

References 80 publications

Acute Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance in Trained and Untrained Individuals

Acute Effects of Caffeine on Strength Performance in Trained and Untrained Individuals

The blood pressure-elevating effect of Red Bull energy drink is mimicked by caffeine but through different hemodynamic pathways

Energy Drink Consumption : Beneficial and Adverse Health Effects

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