Performance on the Three-Point Vernier Alignment or Acuity Test as a Function of Age: Measurement Extended to Ages 5 to 9 Years

Kim, Eunice; Enoch, Jay M.; Fang, Michelle Shih-Ming; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan; Kono, Momoyo; Strada, Elisabetta; Srinivasan, Ranjani

doi:10.1097/00006324-200009000-00010

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…97 The development of positional acuity is likely dependent on development of cortical columns in striate cortex. 98 Alignment thresholds of typically developing children are not adult-like until 5 years of age 99 or later, 100,101 and have shown full maturation as late as age 14 years. 102 Other kinds of hyperacuity tasks, like the ability to detect minor perturbations in a circle, may not reach maturity until even later in life.…”

Section: Positional Acuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral Amblyopia Affects Two Eyes: Fellow Eye Deficits in Amblyopia

Meier

Giaschi

2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Unilateral amblyopia is a visual disorder that arises after selective disruption of visual input to one eye during critical periods of development. In the clinic, amblyopia is understood as poor visual acuity in an eye that was deprived of pattern vision early in life. By its nature, however, amblyopia has an adverse effect on the development of a binocular visual system and the interactions between signals from two eyes. Visual functions aside from visual acuity are impacted, and many studies have indicated compromised sensitivity in the fellow eye even though it demonstrates normal visual acuity. While these fellow eye deficits have been noted, no overarching theory has been proposed to describe why and under what conditions the fellow eye is impacted by amblyopia. Here, we consider four explanations that may account for decreased fellow eye sensitivity: the fellow eye is adversely impacted by treatment for amblyopia; the maturation of the fellow eye is delayed by amblyopia; fellow eye sensitivity is impacted for visual functions that rely on binocular cortex; and fellow eye deficits reflect an adaptive mechanism that works to equalize the sensitivity of the two eyes. To evaluate these ideas, we describe five visual functions that are commonly reported to be deficient in the amblyopic eye (hyperacuity, contrast sensitivity, spatial integration, global motion, and motion-defined form), and unify the current evidence for fellow eye deficits. Further research targeted at exploring fellow eye deficits in amblyopia will provide us with a broader understanding of normal visual development and how amblyopia impacts the developing visual system.

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Section: Positional Acuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral Amblyopia Affects Two Eyes: Fellow Eye Deficits in Amblyopia

Meier

Giaschi

2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…After instruction, at each gap tested, 10 determinations were made. High and low readings in a data set were dropped, and the bias and precision for the remaining group of eight readings were determined (55,60,61,64,66,76,77). The twopoint vernier test display was presented first, and this was followed by the three-point vernier test display.…”

Section: Vernieracuity or Alignment: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies ofVeA as a function of age were conducted under a variety of conditions (56,57,60,76,77). A recent study of normal observers has shown that not only age, but also varying luminance, contrast, test stimuli sizes, test stimuli degradations, test distances (all within specific parametric ranges) do not significantly alter outcomes ifthe individual points of light do not overlap, and these stimuli are presented at superthreshold levels (66).…”

Section: Vernieracuity or Alignment: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forever Young: Visual Functions Not Affected or Minimally Affected by Aging: A Review

Enoch¹,

Werner²,

Hægerström-Portnoy³

et al. 1999

The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and M

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Six visual functions, once developed to adult levels of performance, have been noted to exhibit little or no alteration with aging (also see Appendix, Note 1). Those selected for more substantial discussions in this article are: (a) the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE-I), also known as the "directional sensitivity of the retina"; (b) specific vernier acuity paradigms (including alignment of two lines one with the other, and two- and three-point vernier alignment tasks); and (c) color vision-related perceptual constancies. Each of these functions has rather different origins in the visual system. The SCE incorporates optical waveguide photoreceptor properties and has both physical and physiological origins; vernier acuity (one of the hyperacuities) is largely the result of neural data processing mechanisms; and the color vision-related effects have their origins in retinal neural processes. Descriptions of additional visual functions minimally affected by age are presented as well. This recent research raises many questions. How can these visual responses be so stable, when so many other visual responses show decrements with aging? What does it mean if anomalous responses within the more stable functions are encountered in individuals? Can these age-resistant functions be employed to help sustain other functions in aging individuals? Are such relatively invariant functions limited to the visual system? Because of the stability of the reported responses with aging, these same relationships can be used as test controls for other studies of aging, and as benchmarks to distinguish between "normal" aging and disease processes.

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“…First, many experimental procedures for measuring visual interpolation are well suited for testing children and atypical populations because they are easy to understand. One common interpolation task is the three-point Vernier alignment task, which is used to efficiently assess retinal and cortical impairments in children (Kim, Enoch, Fang, Lakshminarayanan, Kono, Strada & Srinivasan, 2000), older adults (Yebra-Pimentel Vilar, Giraldez-Fernandez, Enoch, Lakshminarayanan, Knowles & Srinivasan, 1995) and clinical populations (Fang, Enoch, Lakshminarayanan, Kim, Kono, Strada & Srinivasan, 2000). In this task, observers are asked to judge the position of a central dot relative to flanking dots (see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuospatial interpolation in typically developing children and in people with Williams Syndrome

2008

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Visuospatial interpolation is the estimation of object position or contour shape computed from known “anchor” positions. We characterized the developmental profile of interpolation by measuring positional thresholds as a function of inter-element separation without (Experiment 1) and with (Experiment 2) the context of illusory contours in typically developing children, typical adults and individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS), a genetic disorder that causes impaired global visuospatial abilities. We found that typically developing children and WS individuals had more difficulty integrating information across distant elements than typical adults. However, illusory contours improved thresholds in all participant groups in a similar way. Our results suggest that in WS individuals, and in typically developing children, the grouping mechanisms that enable long-range spatial integration are immature. We hypothesize that WS individuals and young children can use stimulus-driven grouping cues for bottom-up integration, but have immature mechanisms for top-down integration of spatial information.

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Performance on the Three-Point Vernier Alignment or Acuity Test as a Function of Age: Measurement Extended to Ages 5 to 9 Years

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Unilateral Amblyopia Affects Two Eyes: Fellow Eye Deficits in Amblyopia

Unilateral Amblyopia Affects Two Eyes: Fellow Eye Deficits in Amblyopia

Forever Young: Visual Functions Not Affected or Minimally Affected by Aging: A Review

Visuospatial interpolation in typically developing children and in people with Williams Syndrome

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