Performance on a Virtual Reality Spatial Memory Navigation Task in Depressed Patients

Gould, Bruce A.; Holmes, Bjarne; Fantie, Bryan D.; Luckenbaugh, David A.; Pine, Daniel S.; Gould, Todd D.; Burgess, Neil; Manji, Husseini K.; Zarate, Carlos A.

doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.516

Cited by 94 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For instance, the short-term effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) (Willner 2005), an experimental model that attempts to mimic some of the environmental factors contributing to the induction of depression, have been extensively studied at the behavioural (Strekalova et al 2004(Strekalova et al , 2006, molecular (Airan et al 2007;Gronli et al 2007;Banasr et al 2008;Garcia-Garcia et al 2009) or cellular (Warner-Schmidt and Duman 2006;Jayatissa et al 2008) levels. In addition to core symptoms of depression, CMS induces neuroadaptive changes that could be addressing clinical findings with depressed patients (Gould et al 2007;Sanacora et al 2004;Rajkowska 2000;Lucassen et al 2006;Frodl et al 2008) or at least, further support the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression (Alonso et al 2004;Mineur et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Further studies should explore if these hippocampal alterations that persist after antidepressant discontinuation form part of an acquired vulnerability for depressive-like behaviour following re-exposure to stress. Importantly, these findings could also address clinical evidence of persistent hippocampal alterations (MacQueen et al 2003;Caetano et al 2004;Neumeister et al 2005) and/or cognitive impairments (Weiland-Fiedler et al 2004;Gould et al 2007;Behnken et al 2009) in both depressed and drug-free patients with remitted depression. Moreover, low cortical GABA levels, detected by spectroscopy, in medication free, fully recovered, depressed patients (Bhagwagar and Cowen 2008; are suggested to form part of the residual neurobiological mechanisms for vulnerability to relapse.…”

Section: Long-term Neurochemical Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Sustained stress-induced changes in mice as a model for chronic depression

et al. 2010

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Long-term Neurochemical Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Sustained stress-induced changes in mice as a model for chronic depression

et al. 2010

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“…But, how can we study navigation in humans? VR navigation has been found to provide a consistent sensitive method for the study of hippocampal function (Gould et al, 2007). The hippocampus is the main brain structure supporting spatial representation, a structure that is larger than average in London taxi drivers, who are famous for learning the map of London in great detail (Maguire et al, 2000).…”

Section: Spatial Representation and Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hippocampus is the main brain structure supporting spatial representation, a structure that is larger than average in London taxi drivers, who are famous for learning the map of London in great detail (Maguire et al, 2000). Virtual cities have been used to determine, for example, that we activate different parts of the brain when we do wayfinding versus route following (Hartley et al, 2003), and to identify spatial cognition deficits in disorders such as depression (Gould et al, 2007) or Alzheimer (Cushman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Spatial Representation and Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

2016

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SUMMARYVirtual reality (VR) started about 50 years ago in a form we would recognize today [stereo head-mounted display (HMD), head tracking, computer graphics generated images] -although the hardware was completely different. In the 1980s and 1990s, VR emerged again based on a different generation of hardware (e.g., CRT displays rather than vector refresh, electromagnetic tracking instead of mechanical). This reached the attention of the public, and VR was hailed by many engineers, scientists, celebrities, and business people as the beginning of a new era, when VR would soon change the world for the better. Then, VR disappeared from public view and was rumored to be "dead. " In the intervening 25 years a huge amount of research has nevertheless been carried out across a vast range of applications -from medicine to business, from psychotherapy to industry, from sports to travel. Scientists, engineers, and people working in industry carried on with their research and applications using and exploring different forms of VR, not knowing that actually the topic had already passed away.The purpose of this article is to survey a range of VR applications where there is some evidence for, or at least debate about, its utility, mainly based on publications in peer-reviewed journals. Of course not every type of application has been covered, nor every scientific paper (about 186,000 papers in Google Scholar): in particular, in this review we have not covered applications in psychological or medical rehabilitation. The objective is that the reader becomes aware of what has been accomplished in VR, where the evidence is weaker or stronger, and what can be done. We start in Section 1 with an outline of what VR is and the major conceptual framework used to understand what happens when people experience it -the concept of "presence. " In Section 2, we review some areas where VR has been used in science -mostly psychology and neuroscience, the area of scientific visualization, and some remarks about its use in education and surgical training. In Section 3, we discuss how VR has been used in sports and exercise. In Section 4, we survey applications in social psychology and related areas -how VR has been used to throw light on some social phenomena, and how it can be used to tackle experimentally areas that cannot be studied experimentally in real life. We conclude with how it has been used in the preservation of and access to cultural heritage. In Section 5, we present the domain of moral behavior, including an example of how it might be used to train professionals such as medical doctors when confronting serious dilemmas with patients. In Section 6, we consider how VR has been and might be used in various aspects of travel, collaboration, and industry. In Section 7, we consider mainly the use of VR in news presentation and also discuss different types of VR. In the concluding Section 8, we briefly consider new ideas that have recently emerged -an impossible task since during the short time we have written this page even newer idea...

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“…These disorders are typically associated with cognitive deficits, such as perturbations in spatial learning and memory in anxiety [5] and depression [6]. Therefore, variations in MAOA gene expression might also contribute to disease-related cognitive dysfunction such as executive attention [7], working memory [8] or decision-making [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of MAOA genotype involvement in spatial ability in males

Mueller

Cornwell

Grillon

et al. 2014

Behavioural Brain Research

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Although the Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAOA) gene has been linked to spatial learning and memory in animal models, convincing evidence in humans is lacking. Performance on an ecologically-valid, virtual computer-based equivalent of the Morris Water Maze task was compared between 28 healthy males with the low MAOA transcriptional activity and 41 healthy age-and IQ-matched males with the high MAOA transcriptional activity. The results revealed consistently better performance (reduced heading error, shorter path length, and reduced failed trials) for the high MAOA activity individuals relative to the low activity individuals. By comparison, groups did not differ on pre-task variables or strategic measures such as first-move latency. The results provide novel evidence of MAOA gene involvement in human spatial navigation using a virtual analogue of the Morris Water Maze task.

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Performance on a Virtual Reality Spatial Memory Navigation Task in Depressed Patients

Cited by 94 publications

References 15 publications

Sustained stress-induced changes in mice as a model for chronic depression

Sustained stress-induced changes in mice as a model for chronic depression

Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality

Evidence of MAOA genotype involvement in spatial ability in males

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