“…Among them, the rapid development of analytical tests or sensors, therapies, and vaccines are essential in controlling the spread of a virus. 1,2 On the longer term, serological tests [3][4][5] or sensors 6,7 that target antibodies in human serum or blood are needed to assess humoral immunity at the population level. To achieve that, sensors for antibodies need to work in biofluids, but the translation of sensors from the laboratory to clinical applications remains a bottleneck.…”