Performance of the currently available DIVA real‐time PCR assays in classical and recombinant lumpy skin disease viruses

Byadovskaya, Olga; Pestova, Yana; Кононов, А. В.; Shumilova, Irina; Kononova, Svetlana; Nesterov, Alexander; Babiuk, Shawn; Sprygin, Alexander

doi:10.1111/tbed.13942

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This means that currently GPCR could be considered as the best appropriated target for both inter-and intra-specific discrimination of LSDV strains. These data are in agreement with some observations that GPCR gene possesses most pronounced nucleotide polymorphism than other critical genes of CapPVs [24,31,49].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

et al. 2021

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) that has been recently reported in the South-East and North Asian parts of the Russian Federation. During 2017–2019, there were more than 30 LSD outbreaks in Saratov Region despite active inoculation of cattle with heterologous vaccine. Importantly, the first case of the novel recombinant LSDV strain was reported here in 2017. This study aimed to determine the main clonal lineage(s) of LSDV strains circulated within Saratov Region and other regions of Russia since the first introduction of LSDV. The molecular typing and subtyping based on the coding regions of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene resulted in a discrimination of all outbreak-related LSDV strains into two main types, such as Type I and Type II, and subtypes Ia-d and IIa-g. Phylogenetically, eleven LSDV lineages were revealed in Russia including the five ones in Saratov Region. They were the following: (i) the Neethling wild Type Ia/2017; (ii) the recombinant Saratov IIc/2017/2019; (iii) the specific Dergachevskyi IId/2017; (iv) the Khvalynsky IIg/2018, and (v) the Haden-Type IIa lineage for the six LSDV strains detected in cattle immunized with heterologous vaccine during the last LSD outbreak in the Saratov Region, Nesterovo Village, in 2019 (Nesterovo-2019 strains). A single LSDV strain detected in Saratov Region in 2017 had the same Type Ia that was identified in 2016 in the bordered Republic of Kazakhstan. Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated three nominal clusters of LSDV types in the following Russian Federation territories: (I) the Central European part; (II) the South-East of the European part; (III) the North Asian part. Cluster I was represented by mainly Type I strains, while both Clusters 2 and 3 contained predominantly Type II strains. The Clusters I and II partially overlapped, while Cluster 3 was separate. Multiple introductions of LSDV into Saratov Region in 2017–2019 using GPCR-based molecular typing and subtyping were revealed. This scheme is a promising tool for molecular discrimination of LSDV strains derived from both vaccinated and unvaccinated against LSD cattle as well as for molecular epidemiology.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

et al. 2021

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“…Based on the mosaic nature of these novel recombinant viruses, the importance of performing whole genome sequencing (WGS) on outbreak samples is reiterated [ 12 ]. None of the current PCR assays, capable of differentiating vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA) could identify these recombinant viruses as such, when performed individually [ 20 , 36 – 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in-depth bioinformatic analysis of the novel recombinant lumpy skin disease virus strains: from unique patterns to established lineage

et al. 2022

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Background Since the first description of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in Africa in the 1920’s, it has brazenly spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, Europe and most recently Asia. In 2017 the first atypical LSDV recombinant strain was reported in Russia, composed of both a live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strain and Kenyan vaccine strain. An increase in LSDV research enabled a public release of numerous full genome sequences of unique recombinant LSDV strains from Kazakhstan, Russia, China and Vietnam. Prior to the recombinant strain first described in China in 2019, every new recombinant strain was genetically unique and each of these recombinants clustered in a monophyletic lineage. In this work, we provide the complete genome sequences of two novel recombinant strains of LSDV from Russia and attempt to gain more insight into genomic composition of all the recombinant strains currently available. This analysis will provide new insight into the global molecular epidemiology of LSDV. Results By sequencing and analyzing two novel recombinant strains Khabarovsk/2020 and Tomsk/2020, this study investigates the differences and similarities of all five the available recombinant LSDV lineages from different countries based on the SNPs inherited from the aforementioned parental strains. A total of seven recombinant strains: LSDV/Russia/Saratov/2017, LSDV/Russia/Udmurtya/2019, LSDV/KZ-Kostanay/Kazakhstan/2018, LSDV/Russia/Tyumen/2019, LSDV/GD01/China/2020 Khabarovsk/2020 and Tomsk/2020 were examined. It was observed that strains isolated prior to 2020 were composed of unique combinations of open reading frames, whilst from 2020 onwards all circulating strains in Russia and South-Eastern Asia belonged to a single lineage radiating out in the region. The first representative of this lineage is LSDV/GD01/China/2020. Interestingly, the other four unique recombinant strains as well as the newly established lineage, exhibit consistent patterns of targeted selection pointing to regions constantly selected for during the recombination-driven processes. Conclusion This study highlights the inexplicable emergence of novel recombinant strains to be unique introductions of sibling viruses, with the most recent recombinant lineage establishing as the dominant strain across the south eastern Asian countries as evidenced by full genome sequence data. Overall, these findings indicate that LSDVs are subjected to accelerated evolutionary changes due to recombination in the face of homologous live attenuated vaccines as well as the slow genetic drift commonly observed in capripoxviruses curculatign in the field with hardly any genetic changes over decades.

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“…The potential presence of recombinants has not only implications for the diagnostics but also for LSDV epidemiology. The problematic impact of the emergence of LSDV recombinants was shown by Byadovskaya et al [71]. With the potential presence of recombinants in the blood and biopsies, the risk of transmission by vectors needs to be taken seriously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field

et al. 2021

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Vaccination is an effective approach to prevent, control and eradicate diseases, including lumpy skin disease (LSD). One of the measures to address farmer hesitation to vaccinate is guaranteeing the quality of vaccine batches. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the importance of a quality procedure via the evaluation of the LSD vaccine, Lumpivax (Kevevapi). The initial PCR screening revealed the presence of wild type LSD virus (LSDV) and goatpox virus (GTPV), in addition to vaccine LSDV. New phylogenetic PCRs were developed to characterize in detail the genomic content and a vaccination/challenge trial was conducted to evaluate the impact on efficacy and diagnostics. The characterization confirmed the presence of LSDV wild-, vaccine- and GTPV-like sequences in the vaccine vial and also in samples taken from the vaccinated animals. The analysis was also suggestive for the presence of GTPV-LSDV (vaccine/wild) recombinants. In addition, the LSDV status of some of the animal samples was greatly influenced by the differentiating real-PCR used and could result in misinterpretation. Although the vaccine was clinically protective, the viral genomic content of the vaccine (being it multiple Capripox viruses and/or recombinants) and the impact on the diagnostics casts serious doubts of its use in the field.

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Performance of the currently available DIVA real‐time PCR assays in classical and recombinant lumpy skin disease viruses

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia

An in-depth bioinformatic analysis of the novel recombinant lumpy skin disease virus strains: from unique patterns to established lineage

The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field

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