Performance of Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of <i>Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus</i> during Field Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2007

Reid, Scott M.; Ebert, Katja; Bachanek‐Bankowska, Katarzyna; Batten, Carrie; Sanders, Anna; Wright, Caroline F.; Shaw, Andrew; Ryan, Eoin; Hutchings, G.; Ferris, N.P.; Paton, David; King, Donald P.

doi:10.1177/104063870902100303

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…However, much of the economic loss in 2007 was due to this ban and better decision-support tools might help to define the most appropriate size of restriction zones at different stages of epidemics (Schley et al 2009). The UK 2007 outbreaks also saw the first use of laboratorybased, real-time RT-PCR to screen animals for viral carriage prior to the presentation of clinical signs of FMD (Reid et al 2009). In the first instance, the method was used to test animals that had already been slaughtered because they were under common ownership with confirmed cases.…”

Section: Response Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy

Paton

Sumption

Charleston

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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193

186

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Foot-and-mouth disease can be controlled by zoo-sanitary measures and vaccination but this is difficult owing to the existence of multiple serotypes of the causative virus, multiple host species including wildlife and extreme contagiousness. Although intolerable to modern high-production livestock systems, the disease is not usually fatal and often not a priority for control in many developing countries, which remain reservoirs for viral dissemination. Phylogenetic analysis of the viruses circulating worldwide reveals seven principal reservoirs, each requiring a tailored regional control strategy. Considerable trade benefits accrue to countries that eradicate the disease but as well as requiring regional cooperation, achieving and maintaining this status using current tools takes a great deal of time, money and effort. Therefore, a progressive approach is needed that can provide interim benefits along the pathway to final eradication. Research is needed to understand and predict the patterns of viral persistence and emergence and to improve vaccine selection. Better diagnostic methods and especially better vaccines could significantly improve control in both the free and the affected parts of the world. In particular, vaccines with improved thermostability and a longer duration of immunity would facilitate control and make it less reliant on advanced veterinary infrastructures.

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Section: Response Capabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy

Paton

Sumption

Charleston

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

Self Cite

193

186

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“…41,42 An automated nucleic acid robotic work station (BioRobot ® MDx; Qiagen, Venlo, the Netherlands) was used to generate nucleic acid templates from samples for real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic acid extraction was by a customized automated protocol using reagents from a QIAamp ® All Nucleic Acid MDx kit (Qiagen).…”

Section: Fmdv Rna Detection By Real-time Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen mediated by nanoparticles

Pan¹,

Zhang²,

Lv³

et al. 2014

IJN

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The aim of this study was to enhance specific mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity and to induce earlier onset of protection against direct-contact challenge in cattle by intranasal delivery of a nanoparticle-based nasal vaccine against type A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In this study, two kinds of nanoparticle-based nasal vaccines against type A FMD were designed: (1) chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with plasmid DNA (Chi-PLGA-DNA) and (2) chitosan-trehalose and inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (Chi-Tre-Inactivated). Cattle were immunized by an intranasal route with nanoparticles and then challenged for 48 hours by direct contact with two infected donor cattle per pen. Donors were inoculated intradermally in the tongue 48 hours before challenge, with 0.2 mL cattle-passaged FMDV. Serological and mucosal antibody responses were evaluated, and virus excretion and the number of contact infections were quantified. FMDV-specific secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A (sIgA) antibodies in nasal washes were initially detected at 4 days postvaccination (dpv) with two kinds of nanoparticles. The highest levels of sIgA expression were observed in nasal washes, at 10 dpv, from animals with Chi-PLGA-DNA nanoparticles, followed by animals immunized once by intranasal route with a double dose of Chi-Tre-Inactivated nanoparticles and animals immunized by intranasal route three times with Chi-Tre-Inactivated nanoparticles ( P <0.05). FMDV-specific IgA antibodies in serum showed a similar pattern. All animals immunized by intranasal route developed low levels of detectable IgG in serum at 10 dpv. Following stimulation with FMDV, the highest levels of proliferation were observed in splenocytes harvested from Chi-PLGA-DNA-immunized animals, followed by proliferation of cells harvested from Chi-Tre-Inactivated nanoparticle-immunized animals ( P <0.05). Higher protection rates were associated with the highest sIgA antibody responses induced in the Chi-PLGA-DNA nanoparticle-immunized group. Only one animal was clinically affected with mild signs after 7 days of contact challenge, after a delay of 2–3 days compared with the clinically affected negative-control group. Of the five animals directly challenged that were vaccinated by intranasal route with a double dose of Chi-Tre-Inactivated, four were clinically infected; however, the degree of severity of disease in this group was lower than in control cattle. The number of viral RNA copies in nasal swabs from the vaccinated, severely infected group was significantly higher than in swabs from the vaccinated, clinically protected group. These data suggested that intranasal delivery of Chi-PLGA-DNA nanoparticles resulted in higher levels of mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity than did of Chi-Tre-Inactivated nanoparticles. In conclusion, although intranasal delivery with FMDV antigen mediated by nanoparticles did not provide complete clinical protection, it reduced disease severity and...

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“…188 Furthermore, RT-PCR is the first step to determine the nucleotide sequences and contributes to molecular epidemiology studies and provides a tool to support regional and country-wide FMD control programs in an outbreak situation. To various degrees, these technologies are being implemented and applied in many diagnostic laboratories across the African continent, although these approaches are sometimes still too expensive to be implemented as routine across the whole of the African environment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and prospects for the control of foot-and-mouth disease: an African perspective

Maree¹,

Kasanga²,

Scott³

et al. 2014

VMRR

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Abstract:The epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa is unique in the sense that six of the seven serotypes of FMD viruses (Southern African Territories [SAT] 1, SAT2, SAT3, A, O, and C), with the exception of Asia-1, have occurred in the last decade. Due to underreporting of FMD, the current strains circulating throughout sub-Saharan Africa are in many cases unknown. For SAT1, SAT2, and serotype A viruses, the genetic diversity is reflected in antigenic variation, and indications are that vaccine strains may be needed for each topotype. This has serious implications for control using vaccines and for choice of strains to include in regional antigen banks. The epidemiology is further complicated by the fact that SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 viruses are maintained and spread by wildlife, persistently infecting African buffalo in particular. Although the precise mechanism of transmission of FMD from buffalo to cattle is not well understood, it is facilitated by direct contact between these two species.Once cattle are infected they may maintain SAT infections without the further involvement of buffalo. No single strategy for control of FMD in Africa is applicable. Decision on the most effective regional control strategy should focus on an ecosystem approach, identification of primary endemic areas, animal husbandry practices, climate, and animal movement. Within each ecosystem, human behavior could be integrated in disease control planning. Different regions in sub-Saharan Africa are at different developmental stages and are thus facing unique challenges and priorities in terms of veterinary disease control. Many science-based options targeting improved vaccinology, diagnostics, and other control measures have been described. This review therefore aims to emphasize, on one hand, the progress that has been achieved in the development of new technologies, including research towards improved tailored vaccines, appropriate vaccine strain selection, vaccine potency, and diagnostics, and how it relates to the conditions in Africa. On the other hand, we focus on the unique epidemiological, ecological, livestock farming and marketing, socioeconomic, and governance issues that constrain effective FMD control. Any such new technologies should have the availability of safe livestock products for trade as the ultimate goal.

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Performance of Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during Field Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2007

Cited by 50 publications

References 17 publications

Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy

Options for control of foot-and-mouth disease: knowledge, capability and policy

Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen mediated by nanoparticles

Challenges and prospects for the control of foot-and-mouth disease: an African perspective

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