Performance of pine sawflies under elevated tropospheric ozone.

Lyytikäinen, Päivi; Kainulainen, Pirjo; Nerg, Anne; Neuvonen, Seppo; Virtanen, Tarmo; Holopainen, Jarmo K.

doi:10.14214/sf.a9230

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Recent results have also indicated that slightly elevated O 3 levels did not have strong effects on the susceptibility of conifer seedlings to aphids ( Holopainen et al . 1997 ) or pine sawflies ( Lyytikäinen et al . 1996 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Kainulainen

Utriainen

Holopainen

et al. 2000

Global Change Biology

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Summary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings were exposed to realistically elevated O3 levels in open‐air experiments over three growing seasons. The total O3 exposure doses were 1.2 × (1991), 1.5 × (1992) and 1.7 × (1993) ambient levels. During the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons pine and spruce seedlings received two different levels of nitrogen supply. Effects on growth, mycorrhiza formation, needle ultrastructure, primary and secondary compounds were studied. Ozone exposure had only slight effects on biomass production, growth height and nutrient content of studied conifers. Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings and resulted in higher concentration of nitrogen in needles. In Scots pine O3 exposure did not have effects on quantity of total mycorrhizas and short roots, while higher nitrogen availability decreased quantity of mycorrhizas and short roots. In both tree species O3 exposure induced O3‐related ultrastructural symptoms, e.g. granulation and dark staining of the chloroplast stroma in the needle mesophyll cells, at both nitrogen availability levels. Ozone exposure and nitrogen availability did not have significant effects on starch concentrations in either tree species. Concentrations of some individual terpenes were higher in O3‐exposed needles, while concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechins were not affected by O3 exposure. Nitrogen availability did not have substantial effects on concentrations of monoterpenes. By contrast, concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability, while phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased at higher nitrogen availability. The results suggest that realistically elevated levels of O3 in the field can have some negative effects on the mesophyll ultrastructure of conifer needles, but carbon allocation to root and shoot growth and secondary metabolites are not affected substantially.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Kainulainen

Utriainen

Holopainen

et al. 2000

Global Change Biology

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“…Few studies have researched the effects of elevated O 3 on herbivore survivorship on perennial plants. No significant O 3 effects were observed by Lyytikäinen et al (1996), Fortin et al (1997), or Kopper and Lindroth (2003a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Elevated O 3 typically decreased adult mass, and the magnitude of change was genotype‐specific in females. Lyytikäinen et al (1996) and Fortin et al (1997) observed a decrease in larval mass of sawflies and male pupal mass of forest tent caterpillars, respectively, when reared on hosts produced under elevated O 3 . However, Kopper and Lindroth (2003b) reported an O 3 ‐induced increase in pupal mass of forest tent caterpillars, probably as a result of decreased foliar concentrations of phenolic glycosides and slightly increased concentrations of nitrogen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of genotype, elevated CO₂ and elevated O₃ on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance

Vigue

Lindroth

2010

Agri and Forest Entomology

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1 Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michaux is an important forest species in the Great Lakes region and displays tremendous genetic variation in foliar chemistry. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) may also influence phytochemistry and thereby alter the performance of insect herbivores such as the aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi Brown. 2 The present study aimed to relate genetic-and atmospheric-based variation in aspen phytochemistry to C. crotchi performance (larval development time, adult mass, survivorship). The experiment was conducted at the Aspen Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) site in northern Wisconsin. Beetles were reared on three aspen genotypes under elevated CO 2 and/or O 3 . Leaves were collected to determine chemical characteristics. 3 The foliage exhibited significant variation in nitrogen, condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides among genotypes. CO 2 and O 3 , however, had little effect on phytochemistry. Nonetheless, elevated CO 2 decreased beetle performance on one aspen genotype and had inconsistent effects on beetles reared on two other genotypes. Elevated O 3 decreased beetle performance, especially for beetles reared on an O 3 -sensitive genotype. Regression analyses indicated that phenolic glycosides and nitrogen explain a substantial amount (27-45%) of the variation in herbivore performance. 4 By contrast to the negative effects that are typically observed with generalist herbivores, aspen leaf beetles appear to benefit from phenolic glycosides, chemical components that are largely genetically-determined in aspen. The results obtained in the present study indicate that host genetic variation and atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will be important factors in the performance of specialist herbivores, such as C. crotchi, in future climates.

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Section: Beetle Performancementioning

confidence: 86%

“…Lyytikäinen et al (1996) and Fortin et al (1997) observed a decrease in larval mass of sawflies and male pupal mass of forest tent caterpillars, respectively, when reared on hosts produced under elevated O 3 . However, reported an O 3 -induced increase in pupal mass of forest tent caterpillars, probably as a result of decreased foliar concentrations of phenolic glycosides and slightly increased concentrations of nitrogen.…”

Section: Beetle Performancementioning

confidence: 95%

Impact of elevated CO2 and O3 on insect-mediated ecosystem processes in a northern deciduous forest

Lindroth¹

2011

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Executive summaryRising concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 and O 3 are altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. Herbivorous insects are the major consumers in temperate deciduous forests, with the capacity to dramatically alter tree growth (via outbreaks), forest community composition and ecosystem dynamics (e.g., nutrient cycling). Until recently, however, experimental quantification of the impacts of CO 2 and O 3 on canopy herbivore communities and rates of defoliation and nutrient flux has not been addressed. This research, conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO 2 Enrichment) facility in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A., evaluated the independent and interactive effects of CO 2 and O 3 on 1) the abundance and diversity of forest canopy insect communities, and 2) rates of insect herbivory and transfer of material (leaf greenfall and insect frass) from the canopy to the forest floor.Results of studies of individual insects revealed that elevated CO 2 and O 3 influence the performance of individual species of damaging insect pests, but the magnitude of impact is influenced by both insect species and their host tree species. Censuses of canopy insects showed that some species were positively affected, some negatively affected, and some not affected by elevated CO 2 and O 3 . Moreover, overall species diversity was generally not strongly affected by CO 2 and O 3 . In summary, the effects of CO 2 and O 3 on forest insects is highly variable among species and over time, and thus difficult to generalize across broad taxonomic groups.Estimates of foliar damage revealed that CO 2 and O 3 have pronounced effects on canopy damage by insect herbivores. Averaged over three years, foliar biomass lost to insect feeding increased 86% in high CO 2 environments and decreased 12% in high O 3 environments. The increases/decreases were greater for aspen than for birch, indicating that the selective pressure of insects will shift across tree species in forests of the future.Herbivore-mediated material (green leaf tissue, insect frass) transfer from the canopy to the forest floor increased 37% in elevated CO 2 and decreased 21% in elevated O 3 . Nitrogen transfers paralleled those results: 39% increase in elevated CO 2 and 19% decrease in elevated O 3 . 2In summary, this body of work indicates that in future environments with elevated CO 2 and O 3 , the performance of individual species of tree-feeding insects will change, but that effects will be highly variable among insect and tree species. Overall insect diversity and abundance may not be strongly affected. In contrast, the foliar damage caused by tree-feeding insects will likely increase significantly under elevated CO 2 conditions, but decrease under elevated O 3 conditions. Comparison of accomplishments with goals and objectivesThe objectives of this research were to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of CO 2 and O 3 on 1) the abundance and diversity of forest canopy insect communities, and 2) rates of insect herbivory and transfer of material (leaf...

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Performance of pine sawflies under elevated tropospheric ozone.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Effects of genotype, elevated CO₂ and elevated O₃ on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance

Impact of elevated CO2 and O3 on insect-mediated ecosystem processes in a northern deciduous forest

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Performance of pine sawflies under elevated tropospheric ozone.

Cited by 7 publications

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Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open‐air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds

Effects of genotype, elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance

Impact of elevated CO2 and O3 on insect-mediated ecosystem processes in a northern deciduous forest

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Effects of genotype, elevated CO₂ and elevated O₃ on aspen phytochemistry and aspen leaf beetle Chrysomela crotchi performance