SUMMARYWe derive here a novel unified framework for computing the average bit-error-ratio (BER) of a directsequence spread spectrum receiver using maximum ratio combiner (MRC), in the presence of code synchronization errors and multipath Rayleigh or Rician fading channels. Traditionally, for single-user systems, the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of MRC is modeled as a quadratic form in complex Gaussian variables. We show that this model does not hold when delay errors are present and we propose an improved generic model incorporating the multipath delay estimation errors. We also discuss the case when the RAKE receiver is employed in the presence of multiple users. Based on our theoretical model, BER can be easily derived in a semi-analytical fashion, for any type of pulse shaping and any spacing between multipaths. Very fast results can be obtained for high spreading factors, when inter-chip (ICI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) may be neglected. These results also give the lower bounds on BER for low spreading factors. Theoretical BER curves with QPSK modulation are validated by link level simulations for different downlink Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the delay error distribution on BER and we emphasize some practical applications of our generic technique.