Performance of low-cost GNSS equipment in monitoring of horizontal displacements

Topal, Güldane Oku; Karabulut, Mustafa Fahri; Aykut, Nedim Onur; Akpınar, Burak

doi:10.1080/00396265.2023.2179910

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, this study identified the smallest displacement values that can be reliably determined with low-cost GNSS equipment as 22.8 mm, 11.7 mm, 8.7 mm, and 4.8 mm for observation periods of 3 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 12 h, respectively. These values closely align with a study conducted by [18] using geodetic GNSS equipment and [27] using PPP method and low-cost GNSS equipment. The consistency of the results suggests that low-cost GNSS equipment can achieve displacement values with a level of accuracy similar to that of geodetic instruments.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Ref. [27] reported that 20 mm displacement can be determined with 6 mm RMSE using the PPP approach based on a 3 h observation period by using low-cost GNSS equipment. Remarkably, similar results were obtained in this study despite the use of low-cost GNSS equipment, demonstrating comparable performance to geodetic GNSS equipment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study concluded that displacements above 10 mm could be determined with low-cost equipment on short baselines, but accuracy was often insufficient. In the study by [27], the performance of low-cost GNSS equipment in determining horizontal displacements was examined using two different antenna types (low-cost patch and survey) and the PPP method. The results indicated that, with the survey antenna and PPP method, displacements of 20 mm within 3 h could be determined with an RMSE of 6 mm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Horizontal Displacements with Low-Cost GNSS Systems Using Relative Positioning: Performance Analysis

Akpınar,

Özarpacı

2024

Applied Sciences

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Monitoring horizontal displacements, such as landslides and tectonic movements, holds great importance and high-cost geodetic GNSS equipment stands as a crucial tool for the precise determination of these displacements. As the utilization of low-cost GNSS systems continues to rise, there is a burgeoning interest in evaluating their efficacy in measuring such displacements. This evaluation is particularly vital as it explores the potential of these systems as alternatives to high-cost geodetic GNSS systems in similar applications, thereby contributing to their widespread adoption. In this study, we delve into the assessment of the potential of the dual-frequency U-Blox Zed-F9P GNSS system in conjunction with a calibrated survey antenna (AS-ANT2BCAL) for determining horizontal displacements. To simulate real-world scenarios, the Zeiss BRT 006 basis-reduktionstachymeter was employed as a simulation device, enabling the creation of horizontal displacements across nine different magnitudes, ranging from 2 mm to 50 mm in increments of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm. The accuracies of these simulated displacements were tested through low-cost GNSS observations conducted over a 24 h period in open-sky conditions. Additionally, variations in observation intervals, including 3, 6, 8, and 12 h intervals, were investigated, alongside the utilization of the relative positioning method. Throughout the testing phase, GNSS data were processed using the GAMIT/GLOBK GNSS (v10.7) software, renowned for its accuracy and reliability in geodetic applications. The insightful findings gleaned from these extensive tests shed light on the system’s capabilities, revealing crucial information regarding its minimum detectable displacements. Specifically, the results indicate that the minimum detectable displacements with the 3-sigma rule stand at 22.8 mm, 11.7 mm, 8.7 mm, and 4.8 mm for 3 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 12 h GNSS observations, respectively. Such findings are instrumental in comprehending the system’s performance under varying conditions, thereby informing decision-making processes and facilitating the adoption of suitable GNSS solutions for horizontal displacement monitoring tasks.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Horizontal Displacements with Low-Cost GNSS Systems Using Relative Positioning: Performance Analysis

Akpınar,

Özarpacı

2024

Applied Sciences

Self Cite

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“…Moreover, about five years ago, u-blox, a Swiss company, released a dual-frequency GNSS receiver, the ZED-F9P, costing approximately USD 200 [19]. The applicability of this receiver, which has the ability to collect observations from all current GNSS satellite constellations, has been tested in different areas [29,30]. Hohensinn et al evaluated the ability of the u-blox ZED-F9P receiver to determine dynamic behavior by using a low-cost and geodetic antenna with the RT-PPP technique and suggested that the ZED-F9P receiver could achieve more successful results with a geodetic antenna [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the single-frequency variometric approach based on low-cost GNSS observations and different satellite combinations for detecting short-term dynamic behaviors

Bahadur,

Bezcioglu,

Yigit

2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This study presents the capability of the single-frequency (SF) variometric approach (VA) technique with low-cost GNSS observations to detect short-term dynamic behaviors. Harmonic oscillations with amplitudes between 5 and 20 mm and frequencies between 0.3 and 5.0 Hz were generated employing a single-axis shake table to investigate the performance of the SF-VA technique in the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Besides, a Mw 6.9 Kobe, 1995 earthquake simulation was generated using the shake table to analyze the SF-VA performance for the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. A low-cost u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS receiver and ANN-MB-00 patch antenna were used to collect GNSS observations at a 20 Hz sampling rate during the experiments. The observations were processed using the MATLAB-based open-source PPPH-VA software in real-time mode, considering eight different satellite combinations. The capability of the SF-VA technique to detect horizontal dynamic behaviors in real-time mode was investigated in the frequency and time domains, accepting the displacements from the Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) sensor as a reference. The results in the frequency domain demonstrate that the SF-VA technique with low-cost GNSS observations can successfully detect the peak frequency value of short-term harmonic oscillations up to 5 Hz. Moreover, time domain findings emphasize that the short-time dynamic oscillations can be determined with the SF-VA technique with an accuracy ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 mm. Earthquake simulation experiment results demonstrate that the strong ground motions caused by mega earthquakes can be determined at mm-level by the SF-VA method. The results of both experiments show that multi-GNSS observations contribute to the SF-VA technique considerably. Overall, the findings reveal that the SHM and EEW systems can be operated with low-cost GNSS receivers, and the natural frequency of the man-made structures and accurate displacement values of seismic waveforms can be determined in real-time with the SF-VA technique.

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“…Teknolojik gelişmelerin paralelinde yüksek maliyetli hassas jeodezik donanımlara muadil, çift frekanslı veri toplayabilme özelliğine sahip düşük maliyetli alıcıların üretimiyle (örneğin; İsviçreli çip üreticisi u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS yonga seti) bu alanda PPP üzerine yapılan araştırmalar gittikçe artmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle bu donanımların navigasyon, deformasyonların izlenmesi, atmosferik çalışmalar ve arazi uygulamaları gibi birçok alanda kullanımı son dönemde yaygınlaşmıştır (Nie et al 2020, Xue et al 2021, Ogutcu et al 2023, Oku Topal et al 2023, Yi et al 2021, Stępniak and Paziewski 2022, Wielgocka et al 2021. Ayrıca akıllı telefonlar arasında çift frekans özelliğine sahip cihaz sayısı da gün geçtikçe artmaktadır.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Düşük Maliyetli GNSS Alıcılarının Çoklu-GNSS PPP Performanslarının Farklı Anten Tipleri ve Ağırlık Modellerine Göre Araştırılması

Birinci,

Soğukkuyu,

Sözen

et al. 2024

Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering

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Düşük maliyetli GNSS donanımlarındaki güncel gelişmeler hassas konum belirleme uygulamalarında jeodezik donanımlara güçlü bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Bu donanımlar hem ekonomik hem de boyut olarak kullanıcılara birçok avantaj sağlamaktadır. Ancak tasarım yapısı itibariyle ve çok yolluluk etkisine daha fazla duyarlı olmalarından dolayı gözlemlerdeki gürültü seviyesi artmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Hassas Nokta Konumlama (PPP) çözümlerinde güvenilir bir kestirim sonucu için gözlemlerin uygun ağırlıklandırılması kritik önem teşkil eder. Bu çalışmada ana hedef olarak düşük maliyetli alıcı ve antenler için uygun ağırlıklandırma modeli araştırılmıştır. Deneysel bir düzenekle, çift frekanslı çoklu-GNSS gözlemleri toplayabilen düşük maliyetli u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS alıcısının PPP performansı farklı anten tiplerinin etkileri incelenecek şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla, birbirine yakın iki sabit noktada, bu alıcılardan birine jeodezik NovAtel 702 anteni, diğerine ise düşük maliyetli u-blox ANN-MB-00-00 anteni bağlanarak eş zamanlı olarak GNSS verileri toplanmıştır. PPP çözümleri, uydu yükseklik açısına ve taşıyıcı-gürültü yoğunluk oranı (carrier-to-noise density ratio-C/N0)’a bağlı ağırlıklandırma modelleri kullanılarak; dört farklı GNSS kombinasyonuyla (GPS (G), GPS+GLONASS (GR), GPS+GLONASS+Galileo (GRE) ve GPS+GLONASS+Galileo+BDS-2 (GREC)) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; NovAtel 702 anteni çözümlerinde ağırlıklandırma modelleri arasında anlamlı farklar not edilmezken; GRE ve GREC kombinasyonlarında yaklaşık olarak 20 dk yakınsama süresinden sonra 3 boyutta 7 cm konumlama doğruluğu üretilmiştir. U-blox ANN-MB-00-00 anteni sonuçlarında ise C/N0 tabanlı ağırlıklandırma modeli yükseklik açısına bağlı ağırlıklandırma modelinden daha iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Bu antende en iyi sonuç, 66,36 dk yakınsama süresi ve 3 boyutta 8,42 cm doğruluk ile GREC kombinasyonu ve C/N0 ağırlık modeli kullanılarak elde edilmiştir.

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Performance of low-cost GNSS equipment in monitoring of horizontal displacements

Cited by 5 publications

References 46 publications

Monitoring Horizontal Displacements with Low-Cost GNSS Systems Using Relative Positioning: Performance Analysis

Monitoring Horizontal Displacements with Low-Cost GNSS Systems Using Relative Positioning: Performance Analysis

Evaluation of the single-frequency variometric approach based on low-cost GNSS observations and different satellite combinations for detecting short-term dynamic behaviors

Düşük Maliyetli GNSS Alıcılarının Çoklu-GNSS PPP Performanslarının Farklı Anten Tipleri ve Ağırlık Modellerine Göre Araştırılması

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