Performance of Irradiated and Crosslinked Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Waste Tire Dust Blend

J of Applied Polymer Sci

et al. 2014

Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Effect Of Crosslinkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

J of Applied Polymer Sci

et al. 2014

“…Attempt to crosslink EVA and 10 wt% GTR in the presence of multifunctional acrylates (MFA) using electron beam irradiation successfully showed improvement in tensile (>1x for TS and TM) and hardness (≈1x) properties with small decrease in EB (≈1x) [94]. Crosslinking was found to also be favourable in improving the EB along with the other properties in most cases.…”

Section: Effect Of Crosslinkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak of tan delta also decreased with the compatibilization due to reduced damping facilitated by enhanced wetting of HDPE and GTR phases in the presence of rubber and oil.Electron beam irradiation of LDPE/EVA/30 wt% GTR blend shows increased Tg of both rubber and plastic phase with decreased peak height due to reduced chain flexibility from radiation induced crosslinking in both the phases[51]. Interestingly, in the work carried out by Sakinah et al[94] the peak corresponding to the Tg of rubber phase disappeared in EVA/10 wt% GTR blend utilizing MFA coupled with electron beam irradiation suggesting enhanced compatibility.Dynamic mechanical properties of GTR/RTR thermoplastic blends are rarely studied, hence, only a few studies were extracted from the literature. Moreover, no clear inference could be made on the influence of GTR or RTR thermoplastic blends on the dynamic mechanical properties.6.5.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future

Ramarad

Progress in Materials Science

et al. 2015

Self Cite

418

253

Please cite this article as: Ramarad, S., Khalid, M., Ratnam, C.T., Luqman Chuah, A., Rashmi, W., Waste tire rubber in polymer blends: A review on the evolution, properties and future, Progress in Materials Science (2015), doi: http://dx. AbstractThis review addresses the progress in waste tire recycling with a particular attention to incorporation of waste tire rubber (WTR) into polymeric matrices. Methods of waste tire downsizing, importance of WTR characterization and current practice of WTR modification has been emphasized. Detailed discussion on influence of WTR size, loading, modification, compatibilization and crosslinking on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of rubber, thermoplastic and thermoplastic elastomer blends utilizing WTR has been reported.By far, thermoplastic elastomer blends; though still in its infancy; has shown the most promising properties balance which is capable of commercialization. Rubber/WTR blends 2 also show ease of processing and acceptable properties. Thermoplastic/WTR blends suffers in term of toughness and elongation at break. However, the waste thermoplastic/WTR is a viable solution to address polymeric waste problem. Review also highlights the lack of studies concentrating on dynamic mechanical, aging, thermal and swelling properties of WTR polymeric blends.

“…High‐energy radiation, such as gamma and electron beam (EB), have been extensively used to improve mechanical properties and enhance compatibilization of polymeric composites. An improved interfacial adhesion was achieved by Sakinah et al after irradiating the EVA/WTD blend using EB irradiation. Similarly, Zeid et al used gamma irradiation on HDPE/ethylene propylene diene monomer blend containing ground tire rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of electron beam irradiation on (waste tire dust)-filled ethylene vinyl acetate in the presence of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether

Michael

et al. 2015

J Vinyl Addit Technol

The effect of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and electron beam (EB) irradiation on the properties of waste tire dust (WTD) ‐filled ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has been studied. The EVA/WTD ratio was fixed to 80:20, whereas the BADGE concentration varied from 1 to 5 wt%. The samples were then irradiated using a 3.0‐MeV EB machine at 50 kGy to 200 kGy at increments of 50 kGy. All the samples were subjected to various mechanical, physical, and thermal tests. Prior to irradiation, the mechanical properties of the composites show a gradual decrease with increasing BADGE concentration. Such observation is attributed to the plasticizing effect of the BADGE, as indicated by the reduction in mixing torque and a 14% increase in the elongation at break with the addition of 5 wt% BADGE. Results of gel fraction indicated that BADGE did not accelerate the irradiation‐induced crosslinking of EVA/WTD composites. The scanning electron micrographs and tan δ curves of EVA/WTD composites showed evidence that the addition of BADGE and EB irradiation of the EVA/WTD improves the compatibility of the composite. The overall results revealed that the irradiated EVA/WTD composite without BADGE gives a better enhancement in mechanical properties compared with the composites incorporated with the BADGE. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:172–180, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers