Performance of hybrid photon detector prototypes with 80% active area for the rich counters of LHCB

Albrecht, E.; Alemi, M.; Barber, G.; Bibby, J.H.; Campbell, M.; Duane, A.; Gys, T.; Montenegro, Júlia; Piedigrossi, D.; Schomaker, R; Snoeys, W.; Wotton, S. A.; Wyllie, K.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(99)01216-4

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Unlike APDs, where avalanche development fluctuates, G APDs are characterized by uniform pixel to pixel gain and low electronic noise. Figure 48 shows distributions of single photon spectra obtained at the G APD (a) [76], VLPC (b) [77], and HAPD (c) [78]. The distributions from the G APD and APD are obtained at room temperature and from the VLPC at 6.5 K. Among these PDs, the G APD is seen to have the highest resolving power for single photons.…”

Section: Limited Geiger Mode Avalanche Photodiodes (G Apds)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scintillation counters in modern high-energy physics experiments (Review)

Kharzheev

2015

Phys. Part. Nuclei

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Section: Limited Geiger Mode Avalanche Photodiodes (G Apds)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scintillation counters in modern high-energy physics experiments (Review)

Kharzheev

2015

Phys. Part. Nuclei

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“…These devices combine the photocathode and focussing of vacuum photodetectors with the spatial and energy resolution of silicon detectors. They have been the subject of an intense program of R&D for the RICH detectors of the LHCb experiment [19,20], and one of the devices developed has 2048 channels in a 5 ′′ diameter (127 mm) envelope [21]. These tubes are fabricated at CERN with a bialkali (K 2 CsSb) photocathode.…”

Section: Possible Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel concept for the detection of tau neutrino appearance

Forty

1999

J. High Energy Phys.

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A novel concept for the detection of tau neutrinos is presented, potentially suitable for use in a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. It relies on the direct identification of the tau leptons produced in charged-current interactions, by imaging the Cherenkov light that the tau generates in C 6 F 14 liquid. In a simple simulation about half of the tau leptons can be successfully identified in this way.

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“…Hybrid detectors (HPDs) combine the large and sensitive photocathodes of PMTs with the single-stage gain of (linear-mode) APDs 6 . HPDs tested in our labs produced large 'super-pulses', occurring approximately once per 10 4 detected photons, caused by high energy photons emitted from the contained avalanche diode striking the photocathode (data not shown).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-photon Imaging with Silicon Photomultipliers

Modi

Turner

Podgorski

2019

Preprint

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Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a class of inexpensive and robust single-pixel detectors with applications similar to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). We performed side-by-side comparisons of recently-developed SiPMs and a GaAsP PMT for two-photon fluorescence imaging of neural activity. Despite higher dark counts, which limit their performance at low photon rates (<1/μs), SiPMs matched the signal-to-noise ratio of the GaAsP PMT at photon rates encountered in typical calcium imaging experiments due to their much lower pulse height variability. At higher photon rates and dynamic ranges encountered during high-speed two-photon voltage imaging, SiPMs significantly outperformed the GaAsP PMT.Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) detect light using a photocathode, which emits electrons upon photon absorption 2 . Emitted electrons are accelerated under high voltage in vacuum to strike a series of dynodes coated in a secondary emission material 3 . Collisions with the dynodes release additional electrons, amplifying the photon signal into a detectable current pulse. The highestsensitivity PMTs available for visible imaging use Gallium-Arsenide-Phosphide (GaAsP) photocathodes with high quantum efficiencies (QE; >40%), although these photocathodes degrade with light exposure. Alkali photocathodes are also used, which do not degrade substantially but are less sensitive. PMT output pulses have highly variable amplitudes 4 because they rely on a series of low-gain stochastic amplification steps. PMTs are the most commonly used single-pixel light detectors in microscopy.Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are light-sensitive semiconductor diodes to which a bias voltage is applied. Photon absorption generates electron-hole pairs, which are accelerated by the bias voltage, producing additional electron-hole pairs via impact ionization. At lower bias voltages, APDs operate in 'linear mode', in which each photon produces a pulse of current. At higher bias voltages, APDs operate in Geiger mode, in which runaway ionization produces a saturating signal, causing the APD to act as a photon-gated binary switch. In Geiger mode, additional simultaneously-arriving photons do not produce additional signal. The Geiger mode avalanche is quenched by active or passive circuits 5 , which cause the bias voltage to drop below breakdown then restore it, allowing another photon to be detected. Geiger mode APDs (also called SPADs) have excellent quantum efficiency (>80%) and lower pulse height variability than PMTs, but have small sensitive areas, making single SPADs inefficient for collecting the large etendue of emission light from scattering specimens.

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Performance of hybrid photon detector prototypes with 80% active area for the rich counters of LHCB

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Scintillation counters in modern high-energy physics experiments (Review)

Scintillation counters in modern high-energy physics experiments (Review)

A novel concept for the detection of tau neutrino appearance

Two-photon Imaging with Silicon Photomultipliers

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