“…Prior work exposing adult bees to fluvalinate did not affect worker longevity within a few days after exposure, but it caused high worker mortality at least 24 days after the bees' original exposure to the miticide [29]. Furthermore, several studies have reported a decrease in several aspects of queen quality after exposure to miticides during development [22,[32][33][34]39,40]. In a recent study conducted by Rangel and Tarpy (in review), honey bee queens that were raised in miticideladen beeswax cups showed significantly lower sperm counts, lower sperm viability, and higher mating frequency, compared to queens reared in miticide-free beeswax cups.…”