Performance of firebrick resistance-heated energy storage for industrial heat applications and round-trip electricity storage

Stack, Daniel C.; Curtis, Daniel; Forsberg, Charles W.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.100

Cited by 55 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In a low-carbon grid there will be times when electricity prices are low or negative if subsidized. Firebrick Resistance-Heated Energy Storage (FIRES [K], red silo) is a new technology that is under development [Forsberg et al, June 2017, Stack 2019 to use this low-price electricity to replace natural gas in NACC and other applications. Electricity is bought when the electricity price is less than the price of natural gas and is used to resistance-heat firebrick up to temperatures that can approach 1800°C.…”

Section: Nuclear Air-brayton Combined Cycle (Nacc) With Storage Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Storage Coupled to Generation IV Reactors for Variable Electricity from Base-load Reactors: Workshop Proceedings. Changing markets, technology, nuclear-renewables integration and synergisms with solar thermal power systems

Forsberg

Sabharwall

Gougar

2019

Self Cite

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Electricity markets are changing because of (1) the addition of wind and solar that creates volatile electricity prices including times of zero-priced electricity and (2) the goal of a low-carbon world that requires replacing fossil fuels that provide (a) energy, (b) stored energy, and (c) dispatchable energy. Wind and solar provide energy but not the other two other energy functions that are provided fossil fuels. Nuclear energy with heat storage can provide all three functions and thus replace fossil fuels.To address the challenges and opportunities for nuclear energy in this changing market the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Idaho National Laboratory (INL), and Exelon conducted a workshop on July 23-24, 2019 in Idaho Falls on Heat Storage Coupled to Generation IV Reactors for Variable Electricity from Base-load Reactors: Changing Markets, Technology, Nuclear-Renewables Integration and Synergisms with Solar Thermal Power Systems. The results from this workshop are described herein. The workshop included participation of the concentrated solar power (CSP) community because nuclear energy and CSP produce heat and thus face many of the same technological and institutional challenges. Some CSP plants today have several gigawatt-hours of heat storage to better match market needs.The changing market requires a different nuclear plant design that incorporates heat storage. The base-load reactor sends variable heat to (1) the turbines to provide variable electricity to the grid and (2) storage. At times of high electricity prices, all the heat from the reactor and heat from storage is used to produce peak electricity output significantly greater than the base-load capacity of the reactor. At times of low or negative electricity prices, (1) minimum steam is sent to the turbine and (2) there is the option that electricity from the turbine operating at minimum output and electricity from the grid is converted into heat that is sent to storage. The nuclear plant has the capability to buy and sell electricity to increase revenue in these markets relative to a baseload nuclear power plant. Heat storage (salt, rock, concrete, etc.) is much less expensive than electricity storage (batteries, etc.) because of the low cost of the materials used in heat storage systems relative to materials used in electricity storage systems.Generation IV reactors deliver heat at higher temperatures to the power cycles compared to water-cooled reactors. This lowers the cost of heat storage by two mechanisms. First, if the hot-to-cold temperature swing in a sensible heat storage system is doubled, the cost of heat storage is reduced by a factor of two assuming all other factors are equal. Second, the higher heat-to-electricity efficiency reduces the storage requirements per unit of electricity storage. This may become the primary economic incentive to develop Generation IV reactor technology.Twelve heat storage technologies applicable at the gigawatt-hour storage scale were discussed that can be deployed between the reactor and the ...

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Section: Nuclear Air-brayton Combined Cycle (Nacc) With Storage Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Storage Coupled to Generation IV Reactors for Variable Electricity from Base-load Reactors: Workshop Proceedings. Changing markets, technology, nuclear-renewables integration and synergisms with solar thermal power systems

Forsberg

Sabharwall

Gougar

2019

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“…Albertus et al 14 argue that for high penetration of VRE generation (≥90%), LDES systems with duration greater than 100 h will be needed, with energy capacity cost below US$40 kWh -1 and power capacity cost in the range of US$500-1,000 kW -1 . LDES encompasses a diverse range of technologies at varying technology-readiness levels and includes electrochemical (for example, low-cost flow batteries 16 or aqueous metal-air batteries 17 ), chemical (for example, production, storage and oxidation or combustion of electrolytic hydrogen, known as 'power-to-gas-to-power' 5,18 ), thermal (for example, sensible or latent heat storage 19,20 ) and mechanical options (for example, compressed air or pumped hydroelectric storage 21 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonized power systems

et al. 2021

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Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is a potential solution to intermittency in renewable energy generation. In this study we have evaluated the role of LDES in decarbonized electricity systems and identified the cost and efficiency performance necessary for LDES to substantially reduce electricity costs and displace firm low-carbon generation. Our findings show that energy storage capacity cost and discharge efficiency are the most important performance parameters. Charge/discharge capacity cost and charge efficiency play secondary roles. Energy capacity costs must be ≤US$20 kWh -1 to reduce electricity costs by ≥10%. With current electricity demand profiles, energy capacity costs must be ≤US$1 kWh -1 to fully displace all modelled firm low-carbon generation technologies. Electrification of end uses in a northern latitude context makes full displacement of firm generation more challenging and requires performance combinations unlikely to be feasible with known LDES technologies. Finally, LDES systems with the greatest impact on electricity cost and firm generation have storage durations exceeding 100 h.

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“…This temporary low-price electricity can be converted to heat and stored as thermal energy in ceramics or other low-cost materials for subsequent use. 99 Better heat management Every joule of heat that goes unwasted is the cleanest heat of all. With every increase in the efficiency of the transport, utilization, and integration of primary and waste heat in the industrial plant, reductions in total capital cost and fuel costs can be realized.…”

Section: Llmentioning

confidence: 99%

To decarbonize industry, we must decarbonize heat

Thiel

Stark

2021

Joule

141

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Industry is often termed ''hard to decarbonize'' because a vast, inhomogeneous array of processes comprise the sector. But developing new, decarbonized process heating technologies represents a single, broadly applicable pathway to eliminating a large portion of sectoral emissions-and approximately one-fifth of global CO 2 emissions, overall. We begin this perspective with a brief review of the demand for and cost of industrial heat. Then, we highlight key challenges and R&D needs in developing zero-carbon industrial heating technologies. Technologies in four pathways are discussed:(1) zero-carbon fuels, (2) zero-carbon heat sources, (3) electrification of heat, and (4) better heat management. Finally, we identify crosscutting challenges to the development and adoption of zero-carbon industrial heat technologies, the solution to any of which would constitute a significant breakthrough on the path to industrial decarbonization.

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Performance of firebrick resistance-heated energy storage for industrial heat applications and round-trip electricity storage

Cited by 55 publications

References 12 publications

Heat Storage Coupled to Generation IV Reactors for Variable Electricity from Base-load Reactors: Workshop Proceedings. Changing markets, technology, nuclear-renewables integration and synergisms with solar thermal power systems

Heat Storage Coupled to Generation IV Reactors for Variable Electricity from Base-load Reactors: Workshop Proceedings. Changing markets, technology, nuclear-renewables integration and synergisms with solar thermal power systems

The design space for long-duration energy storage in decarbonized power systems

To decarbonize industry, we must decarbonize heat

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