Performance of cooling materials and their composites in maintaining freezing temperature during irradiation and transportation of bone allografts

Ramalingam, Saravana; Samsuddin, Sharifah Mazni; Yusof, Norimah; Mohd, Suhaili; Hanafi, Nurhafizatul Nadia; Min, Ng Wuey; Mansor, Azura

doi:10.1177/2309499018770906

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…To ensure irradiation occurred within the intended temperature range, a waiting interval between packaging and entry into the radiation loop was necessary. Consistent with the results of the previous validation study [40], the waiting time between the packaging and the increase in temperature above -40°C was approximately 6 hours. The mean (range) temperature throughout the irradiation period of 12 hours was -13.4°C ± 7.8°C (-29°C to -2.9°C) (Fig.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Each of these powder-based gel ice packs were first soaked in water until fully expanded before storage at -75°C 6 10°C for 3 days before its use. The specified amount of cooling material was based on a validation study at our institution [40] that examined the ability of composites of dry and gel ice to maintain subzero temperatures (in a polystyrene foam box like that used in the current experiment) for allograft transportation and irradiation (Supplementary Table 1; http://links.lww.com/ CORR/A626).…”

Section: Description Of Experiment Treatment or Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deep-Freezing Temperatures During Irradiation Preserves the Compressive Strength of Human Cortical Bone Allografts: A Cadaver Study

Harmony

Yusof

Ramalingam

et al. 2021

Clin Orthop Relat Res

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BackgroundGamma irradiation, which minimizes the risk of infectious disease transmission when human bone allograft is used, has been found to negatively affect its biomechanical properties. However, in those studies, the deep-freezing temperature during irradiation was not necessarily maintained during transportation and sterilization, which may have affected the findings. Prior reports have also suggested that controlled deep freezing may mitigate the detrimental effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties of bone allograft.Question/purposeDoes a controlled deep-freezing temperature during irradiation help preserve the compressive mechanical properties of human femoral cortical bone allografts?MethodsCortical bone cube samples, each measuring 64 mm3, were cut from the mid-diaphyseal midshaft of five fresh-frozen cadaver femurs (four male donors, mean [range] age at procurement 42 years [42 to 43]) and were allocated via block randomization into one of three experimental groups (with equal numbers of samples from each donor allocated into each group). Each experimental group consisted of 20 bone cube samples. Samples irradiated in dry ice were subjected to irradiation doses ranging from 26.7 kGy to 27.1 kGy (mean 26.9 kGy) at a deep-freezing temperature below -40°C (the recommended long-term storage temperature for allografts). Samples irradiated in gel ice underwent irradiation doses ranging from 26.2 kGy and 26.4 kGy (mean 26.3 kGy) in a freezing temperature range between -40°C and 0°C. Acting as controls, samples in a third group were not subjected to gamma irradiation. The mechanical properties (0.2% offset yield stress, ultimate compression stress, toughness, and the Young modulus) of samples from each group were subsequently evaluated via axial compression loading to failure along the long axis of the bone. The investigators were blinded to sample group during compression testing.ResultsThe mean ultimate compression stress (84 ± 27 MPa versus 119 ± 31 MPa, mean difference 35 [95% CI 9 to 60]; p = 0.005) and toughness (3622 ± 1720 kJ/m3 versus 5854 ± 2900 kJ/m3, mean difference 2232 [95% CI 70 to 4394]; p = 0.009) of samples irradiated at a higher temperature range (-40°C to 0°C) were lower than in those irradiated at deep-freezing temperatures (below -40°C). The mean 0.2% offset yield stress (73 ± 28 MPa versus 109 ± 38 MPa, mean difference 36 [95% CI 11 to 60]; p = 0.002) and ultimate compression stress (84 ± 27 MPa versus 128 ± 40 MPa, mean difference 44 [95% CI 17 to 69]; p < 0.001) of samples irradiated at a higher temperature range (-40°C to 0°C) were lower than the nonirradiated control group samples. The mean 0.2% offset yield stress (73 ± 28 MPa versus 101 ± 28 MPa, mean difference 28 [95% CI 3 to 52]; p = 0.02; effect size = 1.0 [95% CI 0.8 to 1.2]) of samples irradiated at higher temperature range (-40°C to 0°C) were no different with the numbers available to those irradiated at deep-freezing temperature. The mean toughness (3622 ± 1720 kJ/m3 versus 6231 ± 3410 kJ/m3, mean differenc...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Description Of Experiment Treatment or Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-Freezing Temperatures During Irradiation Preserves the Compressive Strength of Human Cortical Bone Allografts: A Cadaver Study

Harmony

Yusof

Ramalingam

et al. 2021

Clin Orthop Relat Res

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Performance of cooling materials and their composites in maintaining freezing temperature during irradiation and transportation of bone allografts

Abstract: Composites of DI and GI can be used to maintain bones in deep frozen state during irradiation, thus avoiding radiation effects on biomechanical properties. Sterile frozen bone allograft with preserved functional properties is required in clinical applications.

Cited by 1 publication

References 22 publications

Deep-Freezing Temperatures During Irradiation Preserves the Compressive Strength of Human Cortical Bone Allografts: A Cadaver Study

Deep-Freezing Temperatures During Irradiation Preserves the Compressive Strength of Human Cortical Bone Allografts: A Cadaver Study

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