Performance of at-home self-collected saliva and nasal-oropharyngeal swabs in the surveillance of COVID-19

Braz‐Silva, Paulo Henrique; Mamana, Ana Carolina; Romano, Camila Malta; Félix, Alvina Clara; A, de Paula; Fereira, Noeli E; Buss, Lewis; Tozetto‐Mendoza, Tânia Regina; Caixeta, Rafael Antônio Velôso; Leal, Fábio E.; Grespan, Regina Maura Zetone; Bizario, João C. S.; Ferraz, Andrea B. C.; Sapkota, Dipak; Giannecchini, Simone; To, Kelvin Kai‐Wang; Doglio, Alain; Mendes-Corrêa, Maria Cássia

doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1858002

Cited by 37 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This study also observed significant correlation between the Ct values of saliva and NPS samples. This correlation was better observed with the BGI kit; similar significant correlations were reported in other studies [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of RNA Extraction-Free Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Salivary Samples for Mass Screening for COVID-19

Mahmoud

Ganesan²,

Ibrahim

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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In this COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dire need for cost-effective and less time-consuming alternatives for SARS-CoV-2 testing. The RNA extraction-free method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in saliva is a promising option. This study found that it has high sensitivity (85.34%), specificity (95.04%), and was comparable to the gold standard nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) sample tests. The method showed good agreement between salivary and NPS samples, with a kappa coefficient of 0.797. However, there are variations in the sensitivity and specificity based on the RT-PCR kit used. The Thermo Fisher Applied Biosystems showed high sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) but also showed a higher percentage of invalid reports. On the other hand, the BGI kit showed high specificity, better agreement (kappa coefficient) between the results of saliva and NPS samples, and higher correlation between the Ct values of saliva and NPS samples. Thus, the RNA extraction-free method for salivary sample serves as an effective alternative screening method for COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of RNA Extraction-Free Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Salivary Samples for Mass Screening for COVID-19

Mahmoud

Ganesan²,

Ibrahim

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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“…In samples where the virus was detected, we observed a strong correlation between viral gene Ct values across NPS and saliva samples, consistent with recent reports ( Braz-Silva et al , 2020 ; Mahmoud et al , 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Concordance between PCR-based extraction-free saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 testing

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Saliva represents a less invasive alternative to nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. SalivaDirect is a nucleic acid extraction-free method for detecting SARS-CoV2 in saliva specimens. Studies evaluating the concordance of gold standard NPS and newly developed SalivaDirect protocols are limited. The aim of our study was to to assess SalivaDirect as an alternative method for COVID-19 testing. Methods: Matching NPS and saliva samples were analysed from a cohort of symptomatic (n=127) and asymptomatic (n=181) participants recruited from hospital and university settings, respectively. RNA was extracted from NPS while saliva samples were subjected to the SalivaDirect protocol before RT-qPCR analysis. The presence of SARS-Cov-2 was assessed using RdRP and N1 gene targets in NPS and saliva, respectively. Results: Overall we observed 94.3% sensitivity (95% CI 87.2-97.5%), and 95.9% specificity (95% CI 92.4-97.8%) in saliva when compared to matching NPS samples. Analysis of concordance demonstrated 95.5% accuracy overall for the saliva test relative to NPS, and a very high level of agreement (κ coefficient = 0.889, 95% CI 0.833–0.946) between the two sets of specimens. Fourteen of 308 samples were discordant, all from symptomatic patients. Ct values were >30 in 13/14 and >35 in 6/14 samples. No significant difference was found in the Ct values of matching NPS and saliva sample (p=0.860). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.475, p<0.0001) was also found between the Ct values of the concordant positive saliva and NPS specimens. Conclusions: Use of saliva processed according to the SalivaDirect protocol represents a valid method to detect SARS-CoV-2. Accurate and less invasive saliva screening is an attractive alternative to current testing methods based on NPS and would afford greater capacity to test asymptomatic populations especially in the context of frequent testing.

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“…Consistent scientific evidence has pointed to the effectiveness of the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid for COVID-19 in adult population 1,3,4 . The advantages of a less invasive and painless sample collection have been shown to be more evident in paediatric population, which may include self-collection and multiple collection possibilities 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) is the standard sample for molecular test, which causes much discomfort and possible cross-contamination during the collection 1,2 . Therefore, a trained healthcare professional is required for performing this procedure 1,3 . Saliva has been shown to be a reliable, safe diagnostic fluid for detection of SARS-CoV-2, with a sensitivity ranging from 80-100% compared to NPS in adult population 1,3,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a trained healthcare professional is required for performing this procedure 1,3 . Saliva has been shown to be a reliable, safe diagnostic fluid for detection of SARS-CoV-2, with a sensitivity ranging from 80-100% compared to NPS in adult population 1,3,4 . In paediatrics, the use of saliva has clear advantages because the collection of this fluid is less invasive, thus reducing the discomfort and allowing self-collection 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saliva as a Reliable Sample for COVID-19 Diagnosis in Paediatric Patients

Félix¹,

A²,

Ribeiro

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Saliva has been described a less invasive and easy to handle sample, compared to nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in adults. Although the advantages of using saliva is still more evident in paediatric patients, little is now about its sensitivity in this group. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of saliva to that of NPS in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in paediatric patients with mild symptoms. This study evaluated saliva samples from children with suspected COVID-19 who attended public healthcare services of Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Children were asked to spit into a sterile container for collection of about 1ml of saliva after the NPS collection. SARS-COV-2 detection was performed by using the Altona RealStar SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Kit 1.0. The sample consisted of 50 patients, in which 27 were girls (54%) and 23 were boys (46%). Ten were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in at least one sample collected. The mean age was 10.24 years old and saliva was collected after 4.76 days from the symptoms. Saliva and NPS have showed the same performance in the SARS-CoV-2 detection (k = 0.865, P < 0.001). In conclusion, saliva is a reliable alternative sample for COVID-19 diagnosis in paediatric population.

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Performance of at-home self-collected saliva and nasal-oropharyngeal swabs in the surveillance of COVID-19

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of RNA Extraction-Free Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Salivary Samples for Mass Screening for COVID-19

Evaluation of RNA Extraction-Free Method for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Salivary Samples for Mass Screening for COVID-19

Concordance between PCR-based extraction-free saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 testing

Saliva as a Reliable Sample for COVID-19 Diagnosis in Paediatric Patients

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