Performance of Agrisure®Viptera™ 3111 corn against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in seed mixed plantings

F2 screen, inheritance and cross‐resistance of field‐derived Vip3A resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected from Louisiana, USA

“…Unlike Cry proteins that are generated during the reproductive phase of growth of B. thuringiensis , the Vip3A protein is produced during the vegetative phase, and Vip3A has no shared binding sites and no sequence homology with Cry proteins . Studies have shown that the Vip3A protein is very effective against Bt‐tolerant pests like S. frugiperda and Helicoverpa zea …”

Extended evaluation of Bt protein cross‐pollination in seed blend plantings on survival, growth, and development of Helicoverpa zea feeding on refuge ears

“…Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) is a major target pest of Bt cotton and pyramided Bt corn in North America and its damage to corn is mainly caused by larvae feeding on kernels …”

Pollen contamination in seed mixture increases the dominance of resistance to Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Published studies have shown that larval movement of mobile insects in RIB plantings could speed up resistance by reducing survival of homozygous susceptible larvae and increasing relative survival of heterozygous larvae . Another major concern in the use of the RIB strategy is that cross‐pollination of maize hybrids in mixed planting of Bt and non‐Bt plants can cause kernels of refuge ears to express variable Bt proteins . When insects feed on these cross‐pollinated refuge kernels, evolution of resistance could be accelerated by killing susceptible larvae and thereby reducing effective refuge size .…”