Performance of Agricultural Farmers’ Groups and Cooperatives in Eastern Bhutan

Wangmo, Karma; Dendup, Tashi; Tshotsho, None; Jamtsho, Sangay; Tenzin, Karma

doi:10.55925/btagr.21.4104

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The focus is on selected agroecological settings and high value niche agriculture and livestock products. Therefore, Gasa district is declared organic, owing to its agro-ecological setting of clean environment due to inaccessibility of agrochemicals (Wangmo & Iwai, 2018). Bhutan confronts multiple agricultural challenges, jeopardizing sustainability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of Agricultural Practices in Various Agro-Ecological Zones of Bhutan

Rai,

Gurung,

Sonam

2024

Am. J. Environ. Clim.

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Bhutan’s agriculture sector has consistently advocated sustainable agricultural practices, yet it grapples with a range of interconnected challenges. These challenges encompass limited arable land, labour shortages, human-wildlife conflicts, and inadequate irrigation facilities, outbreaks of pests and diseases, and impacts of climate change. Therefore, this study assessed the sustainability of agricultural practices at the farm level across three agro-ecological zones: dry subtropical, cool temperate, and alpine. A total of 392 households were selected through simple random sampling for face-to-face interviews. The data collection, analysis, and reporting adhered to the guidelines of Sustainable Development Goals Indicator 2.4.1. The study focused on three dimensions of sustainability, comprising eight themes and eight sub-indicators for agriculture sustainability. The sustainability status was visualized using traffic light approach: green for desirable, yellow for acceptable and red for unsustainable. Results showed social dimensions across the study areas were in a desirable status. The environmental dimension exhibited desirable status in alpine zone. However, around 60% of agricultural land in dry subtropical and 77% in cool temperate zones have acceptable fertilizer management, while about 38% and 23% respectively fall into unsustainable category. Similarly, only about 73% of agricultural areas in the cool temperate zone are in acceptable status in pesticide management, and 23% under unsustainable status. Furthermore, the economic dimension across agro-ecological zones displayed unsustainable status in farm output value with 30% of farms in cool temperate, 78% in dry subtropical, and 74% in alpine zones. Strategic interventions are imperative in addressing economic and environmental dimensions to promote resilient and sustainable agricultural practices in Bhutan and analogous regions. Findings underscore the importance of identifying that similar impacts could potentially extend to other dry subtropical regions worldwide.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of Agricultural Practices in Various Agro-Ecological Zones of Bhutan

Rai,

Gurung,

Sonam

2024

Am. J. Environ. Clim.

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Agricultural Co-operatives in Four Asian Countries: A Review of Institutional History

P. Siregar,

O’Donoghue,

Whay

2024

RAS

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The institutional history of agricultural co-operatives in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and China has similarities in terms of preestablishment, establishment, and development stages, but relatively different in the side of recognition and introspection, as well as the choice stage. Among the four countries, the initiators of agricultural co-operatives establishment are not only the community/grassroots movement, respectable individuals, and non-governmental organizations, but also the government. Once the government oversees agricultural co-operative development, it uses its political power to position the organization as a state agency. By that, facilities are given to accelerate the policy makers' goals and positively impact the agricultural co-operatives' organizational growth. However, the farmer-members in Japan recognized that the co-operatives do not accommodate their needs. Later, with the aid from the new-regime government, the agricultural co-operative in the country was gradually reinvented. In South Korea, the farmer-members disagree with the decision from the government to use agricultural co-operatives as parastatal. Therefore, they later pooled their resources, urged changes, and successfully ran the agricultural co-operatives per se. On the other hand, in Indonesia, when the government loosened its ties, agricultural co-operatives with sufficient human resources reinvented or spawned the organization. In contrast, the ones with poor management quality chose the status quo or exit. In China, the loophole in the government policy encouraged more private companies or prominent capital entrepreneurs to run the co-operatives instead of farmers. Consequently, agricultural co-operatives with no actual member farmers focused on commercial activities unrelated to the members' needs or placed the farmers merely as the users, not the decision-makers, could be found within the country. The review of institutional history emphasizes the importance of further study about the longevity of government-led and non-governmental-led agricultural co-operatives.

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Performance of Agricultural Farmers’ Groups and Cooperatives in Eastern Bhutan

Cited by 2 publications

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Sustainability of Agricultural Practices in Various Agro-Ecological Zones of Bhutan

Sustainability of Agricultural Practices in Various Agro-Ecological Zones of Bhutan

Agricultural Co-operatives in Four Asian Countries: A Review of Institutional History

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