This article analyzes the associations between leadership, the implementation of information and communication technology ( ICT ) innovations, and performance. After reviewing theories and empirical evidence from the literature on leading change, ICT innovations, and performance, the authors elaborate hypotheses and test them in an analysis of the implementation of an ICT innovation in a Danish multisite hospital. In a quasiexperimental research design using panel data, survey responses from more than 2,000 employees before and after the implementation were generated, in addition to qualitative interviews with change agents. Findings indicate how differences in leadership during the ICT implementation process have an important impact on performance after the implementation. Mobilization of initial support, directive leadership through information and technical assistance, participative leadership through employee involvement, and locally adapted implementation processes are important leadership factors associated with performance. The article concludes by discussing broader perspectives of the study and implications for practice, theory, and future research.
Practitioner Points• Mobilizing initial support for a new information and communication technology (ICT) system among employees tends to enhance perceived performance even in the case of severe technical problems; however, managers should strike a careful balance between mobilizing support for the ICT innovation and preparing employees for difficulties in the implementation process. • Participative leadership that involves employees in decisions concerning the practical implementation and adaptation of the ICT system enhances the perceived performance of the ICT innovation. • Directive leadership, providing adequate information and timely technical support during the implementation of the ICT system, increases the likelihood of higher perceived performance. • Adapting the implementation process to the circumstances of specific departments enhances the likelihood of higher perceived performance.