Performance loss of Terfenol-D particle epoxy composites under cyclic magneto-mechanical loading at the matrix glass transition start and finish temperatures

Shanmugham, Manikantan; Bailey, Harold J.; Armstrong, William D.

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.11.038

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As seen in Figure 15, 100% reversible localized magnetic flux density is achieved with a maximum load of only 40% UTS. Hamann and Dahlberg (2017: 1–3) and Shanmugham et al (2004: 267–274), suggest that irreversible changes in flux and strains are an indication that permanent damage exists. Since the maximum load was only 40% of the UTS (elastic regime), it was expected to achieve complete reversible flux.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnetic domain pre-alignment direction is in the out-of-plane normal direction to the composite sample. The inspiration for pre-aligning the magnetic dipole moments using a magnetic chuck came from magnetostrictive researchers such as Hamann and Dahlberg (2017: 1–3) and Shanmugham et al (2004: 267–274), who believe pre-aligning the dipole moment of magnetostrictive material will yield a more significant response to induced magnetization (Lacheisserie, 1993: 5–60; Seifu, 2018). The pre-aligning magnetic dipole moments of the embedded Terfenol-D material can be visualized in the pre and post SEM images taken by Shanmugham of Terfenol-D particles in an epoxy matrix, as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) Untested epoxy-resin/Terfenol-D particle interphase, (b) non-magnetically aligned epoxy-resin/Terfenol-D particle interphase (crack orientation label in red), and (c) magnetically aligned epoxy-resin/Terfenol-D particle interphase (crack orientation label in red). (Shanmugham et al, 2004: 267–274) (Copyright Approved, License Number-5294610994449).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Non-contact embedded sensing by Magnetostrictive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (MagCFRP): A smart material for early inter-lamina localized damage detection

Williams,

Coatney,

Hall

et al. 2023

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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Although failure mechanics and plasticity of composite materials is a relatively new and volatile field, it has been long realized in the composite materials community that a composite’s true integrity lies in the constituents’ interfacial health. Composite materials allow scientists and engineers to design structural architectures with directional stress, strain, and thermal fields in mind while simultaneously reducing the system’s overall weight. While there are advantages to using composite materials like carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), designing and implementing long-term sustainable aerospace structures out of CFRPs is bottlenecked by the brittle catastrophic failure mechanism high strength carbon composites exhibit. As the demand for these materials in critical loading regimes increases, it is paramount that scientists and engineers understand how CFRPs will behave in real-time and in predictive models for load profiles. This research’s motivation comes from the US Army’s future vertical lift vehicle initiative to transition from interval-based maintenance to condition-based maintenance (CDB). This paper explores a real-time, non-contact, and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for composite materials by performing localized magnetic flux scans (32 mm2 field of view) of CFRP embedded with Terfenol-D ([Formula: see text] microns in diameter), a magnetostrictive material. For Magnetostrictive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (MagCFRP) elastic regime testing, there was an observed localized magnetic flux gradient of more than 5 mT (4%) with a reversible flux of 100%. For MagCFRP elastic-plastic regime testing, a localized magnetic flux gradient of more than 3 mT (2%) with a reversible flux of only 25% was observed. Terfenol-D embedded CRFPs have shown promising results for detecting instantaneous stress and strain levels and detecting deviations in inter-lamina residual stress after critical loading. Acoustic emission (AE), Digital Image Correlation (DIC), and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning were used to validate the observed results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%