Performance in Grain Yield and Physiological Traits of Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 yr

Zhang, Hao; Chen, Ting ting; Liu, Li Jun; Wang, Zhi qin; Jian, Yang; Zhang, Jianhua

doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60205-1

Cited by 62 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This meant that the grain yield was directly determined by spikelets per unit area, which is consistent with a previous study [35]. An increased yield sink capacity is a premise to realizing higher yield [7,36], and the differential grain yield responses to the N rate and planting density can be explained primarily by the number of panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle [7,[36][37][38]. In this study, the N rate and planting density had greater effects on panicles than spikelets per panicle ( Table 2); N improved the panicles mainly by promoting tillering, while planting density improved panicles mainly by increasing the number of basic seedlings, and the spikelets per panicle were restricted by the number of panicles [24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

et al. 2019

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Nitrogen fertilization and planting density are two key factors that can interactively affect the grain yield of rice. Three different types of rice cultivars-inbred Shendao 47, inbred Shendao 505, and hybrid Jingyou 586-were applied to investigate the effects of the nitrogen (N) rate and planting density (D) on the aboveground biomass, harvest index, leaf photosynthetic features, grain yield, and yield components using a split-split-plot design at two sites over two continuous years. The main plots were assigned to four nitrogen fertilizer rates: 0 (N0), 140 (N1), 180 (N2), and 220 (N3) kg ha −1 N; the subplots were assigned to three planting densities: 25 × 10 4 (D1), 16.7 × 10 4 (D2), and 12.5 × 10 4 (D3) hills ha -1 , and the sub-subplots were assigned to three rice cultivars. The results showed that the grain yield had a significantly positive correlation with the stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf area index (LAI), panicles per unit area, and spikelets per panicle. The N rate and planting density had significant interaction effects on grain yield, and the maximum values of Shendao 47, Shendao 505, and Jingyou 586 appeared in N3D2, N2D1, and N3D3, respectively. The higher grain yield of midsized panicle Shendao 47 was mostly ascribed to both panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle. More panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle primarily contributed to a larger sink capacity of small-sized panicle rice Shendao 505 and large-sized panicle rice Jingyou 586. We found that the treatments N3D2, N2D1, and N3D3 could optimize the contradiction between yield formation factors for Shendao 47, Shendao 505, and Jingyou 586, respectively. Across years and sites, the regression analysis indicated that the combinations of nitrogen fertilization of 195.6 kg ha −1 with a planting density of 22 × 10 4 hills ha −1 , 182.5 kg ha −1 with 25 × 10 4 hills ha −1 , and 220 kg ha −1 with 13.1 × 10 4 hills ha −1 are recommended for medium-, small-, and large-sized panicle rice cultivars, respectively. food habits are changing due to rising living standards, such as the increased consumption of livestock products (such as meat, eggs, and milk), which drives the increase in demand for feed grains, especially in Asia [4,5]. At present, China's area under rice cultivation is 30.3 million hectares with the total yield reaching 207.7 million tons and an average yield of 6.8 t ha −1 , which is 65% higher than that of the world average [6]. China, the world's largest rice producer, has sustainably fed 22% of the world's population using only 7% of the arable land in the world. However, in the past 10 years, increases in rice yield have been slowing down in China, and the increasing population and shortage of arable land have exerted tremendous stress on food security [7]. Therefore, to ensure food security for the growing population, improving rice productivity (production per unit area) remains a priority in China.Much emphasis has been put...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

et al. 2019

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“…7). The increase in micronutrients from the 1950s to 1980s was partially due to improved micronutrient uptake [13,20]. However, the improvement in root uptake did not keep pace with the large increase in carbon assimilation capacity of super rice as reflected by the decreased of root activity during grain filling [21], causing the dilution in protein content in the grain from the 1980s to 2000s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2006, the average rice grain yield in China was more than 50% higher than the world average [11]. The Yangtze River Basin is the main rice planting area in China, and represents 51.2% of the total rice growing area and 51.3% of the total rice production in the country [12,13]. During the period, the yield potential has significantly improved [2,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s

et al. 2015

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While the yield potential of rice has increased but little is known about the impact of breeding on grain quality, especially under different levels of N availability. In order to investigate the integrated effects of breeding and N levels on rice quality 12 japonica rice cultivars bred in the past 60 years in the Yangtze River Basin were used with three levels of N: 0 kg N ha −1 , 240 kg N ha −1 , and 360 kg N ha −1 . During the period, milling quality (brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage), appearance quality (chalky kernels percentage, chalky size, and chalkiness), and eating and cooking quality (amylose content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback) were significantly improved, but the nutritive value of the grain has declined due to a reduction in protein content. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Mg, and S contents, were decreased, and Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Ca, K, P, B contents were increased. These changes in grain quality imply that simultaneous improvements in grain yield and grain quality are possible through selection. Overall, application of N fertilizer decreased grain quality, especially in terms of eating and cooking quality. Under higher N levels, higher protein content was the main reason for deterioration of grain quality, although lower amylose content might contribute to improving starch pasting properties. These results suggest that further improvement in grain quality will depend on both breeding and cultivation practices, especially in regard to nitrogen and water management.

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“…Whether or not a larger root biomass and a stronger root activity would contribute to higher grain yield in rice remains an argument (Samejima et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2011). Earlier studies have showed that the rice root number, root weight, and root absorbing area were closely related with grain yield (Zhang et al, 2011(Zhang et al, , 2013Yang et al, 2012). The root activity (ROA, dehydrogenase activity and root bleeding sap), specific root activity per spikelet (ROA × root weight / total spikelets number), and spikelet-bleeding intensity (root bleeding/total spikelet number in given time) were significantly or very significantly and positively correlated with the grain filling rate, the percentage of filled grains, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield (Pan et al, 1996；Sun et al, 2002Zhang et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Grain Yield and Root Morphology and Physiology of Mid-Season Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 Years

Liu¹,

Zhang²,

Ju³

et al. 2014

JAS

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The genetic improvement (GI) plays an important role in yield increase in rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China, and rice roots might have a crucial function during the GI. However, little is known what changes in root physiology and morphology were during the GI in this area and how they were related with grain yield. In this study, 24 typical mid-season rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the area during the last 60 years were grown in the field, and they were classified into six types according to their application decades in which the cultivars were predominantly used. Changes in morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with grain yield during the GI were investigated. Results showed that grain yield was significantly increased. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from a large panicle. The root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area of roots were also increased with the GI. Regression analysis showed that the root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area of roots were very significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The results suggest that the GI improves root morph-physiological traits which benefits shoot growth, leading to a higher grain yield for the modern cultivars, especially for super rice cultivars.

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Performance in Grain Yield and Physiological Traits of Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 yr

Cited by 62 publications

References 27 publications

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

Optimization of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density for Improving the Grain Yield of Different Rice Genotypes in Northeast China

Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s

Changes in Grain Yield and Root Morphology and Physiology of Mid-Season Rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China During the Last 60 Years

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