Performance improvement of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) pour point depressant by small dosages of the polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) microsphere: An experimental study

Yang, Fei; Yao, Bo; Li, Chuanxian; Shi, Xin; Sun, Guangyu; Ma, Xiaobin

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.083

Cited by 70 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Examples of polymeric nano-hybrids which have showed potential include polyoctadecyl acrylate, EVA co-polymers, and methacrylate [46,89]. The ability of nanoparticles is that they can alter the nucleation site and hence form dispersed nucleation sites, alter the wax crystals growth (co-crystallization) and consequently depress the pour point better than utilizing EVA alone [96,97]. It was reported that the pour point of crude oil was reduced by 25% when EVA was added, while the pour point was further reduced by up to 50% when a nano-hybrid was added together with EVA [96].…”

Section: Pour Point Depressant (Ppd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

2020

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When crude oil is extracted out of a subterranean reservoir at high temperature and pressure, it is usually transported via a pipeline, where the crude oil experiences radical changes in its physical and chemical properties, instigating numerous complications. Among the various flow assurance problems, wax deposition and build up are among the most commonly found. However, the accurate mechanism of wax deposition is still unclear and is widely debated among researchers. The mechanism under multiphase conditions is also an ambiguity. This review covers the six wax deposition mechanisms, the challenges in multiphase flow conditions, the latest types of chemical inhibitor, and a summary of factors governing chemical inhibitor performance.

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Section: Pour Point Depressant (Ppd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

2020

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“…This is due to the possibility that the EVA additives are behaving as supplementary suspended particles in the crude oil which deteriorates the efficiency of the polymer to inhibit wax deposition. This confirms that the increase in wax deposits is influenced by the concentration of wax inhibitor utilized and as the concentration reaches the optimum value, it alters the wax crystallization behavior by implementing more structures to disturb and reconcile with edge of the developing wax crystals (Machado et al 2001 ; Yang et al 2017 ). On top of that, the van der Waals interaction between the crude oil and wax crystals may be altered by the presence of various concentrations of wax inhibitor used which largely influences the wax solubility in the crude oil (Machado and Lucas 1999 ; Ridzuan et al 2014 ; Zhang et al 2008 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

Ragunathan

Wood

Husin

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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One of the major concerns during the production of crude oil especially in tropical waters is the deposition of wax on to the walls of the pipeline. This is due to the low seabed temperatures which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) which leads to wax depositing out through molecular diffusion. Currently, there are many methods to prevent and remedy wax deposition but most of these solutions pose a serious environmental threat and are expensive to produce. Hence, this research investigated the use of an organic and cheaper alternative by utilizing synthetic fatty acid esters such as oleic acid which has shown promising results in reducing the pour point of waxy crude oils. The solution that was used was of palm oil origin, crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and was subsequently compared with the pour point depressant and wax inhibition efficiency of the current industry used inhibitors utilizing the SETA Pour Point and Cloud Point as well as the cold finger apparatus. It was observed that the palm oil inhibitors were highly effective at 1 wt.% due to the high composition of oleic acid present portraying a similar result to Triethanolamine (TEA) while Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) performed best at low concentration of 0.1 wt.% but deteriorates significantly as the concentration increases due to the polar end agglomerating among itself.

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“…This is due to the possibility that the EVA additives are behaving as supplementary suspended particles in the crude oil which deteriorates the efficiency of the polymer to inhibit wax deposition. This confirms that the increase in wax deposits is influenced by the concentration of wax inhibitor utilized and as the concentration reaches the optimum value, it alters the wax crystallization behaviour by implementing more structures to disturb and reconcile with edge of the developing wax crystals (Machado et al 2001a, b;Yang et al 2017). On top of that, the van der Waals interaction between the crude oil and wax crystals may be altered by the presence of various concentrations of wax inhibitor used which largely influences the wax solubility in the crude oil (Machado and Lucas 1999;Ridzuan et al 2016;Zhang et al 2008).…”

Section: Static Wax Deposition Testmentioning

confidence: 64%

Inhibiting wax deposition using palm oil additives

Ragunathan

Wood

Husin

2021

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Among the flow assurance problems that the petroleum industry faces, the deposition of paraffin waxes on to the wall of the pipeline is the most challenging. The challenge arises when the crude oil temperature decreases below the wax appearance temperature which prompts wax crystallization in the crude oil. An efficient method in remedying paraffin wax deposition is the utilization of chemical inhibitors. However, currently used chemical inhibitors are costly and environmentally harmful if a spillage occurs. Therefore, the use of biodegradable or environmentally friendly inhibitors as potential chemical inhibitors is being studied by various researchers. This study investigated oleic acid, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and triethanolamine (TEA) as inhibitors that perform based on the van der Waals intermolecular interaction between the main wax component molecule eicosane C20H42 using molecular dynamics simulations Material Studio 8.0 software package. In order to analyse the desired structural property which is the radial distribution function (RDF), COMPASS force field was used. The RDF and g(r) function portrayed the functional atoms which aid in inhibiting the agglomeration and crystallization of the wax crystal formation. The presence of a carbonyl oxygen in oleic acid plays a vital role to inhibit the wax formation through the van der Waals interaction between active hydrogen atoms in eicosane molecule. Therefore, the chances of wax inhibition in eicosane are higher by introducing oleic acid as an inhibitor as compared to EVA and TEA. The results were then validated experimentally utilizing a cold finger technique under static condition.

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Performance improvement of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) pour point depressant by small dosages of the polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) microsphere: An experimental study

Cited by 70 publications

References 29 publications

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

Wax Formation Mechanisms, Wax Chemical Inhibitors and Factors Affecting Chemical Inhibition

The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

Inhibiting wax deposition using palm oil additives

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