“…As Chen et al (2008) pointed out, the critical incidents that affect e‐learning satisfaction are classified into four categories: administration, functionality, instruction and interaction. Past research indicates the factors influencing the outcomes of e‐learning include learner characteristics, such as proactive personality and learning goal orientation (Kickul and Kickul, 2006), learning strategy (Santhanam et al , 2008), learning motivation (Meissonier et al , 2006), effective or appropriate e‐learning environment (Gregg, 2007; Wangpipatwong and Papasratorn, 2007), technology acceptance, system quality (Chang and Tung, 2008) and so on. Moreover, within the field of learning behavior, there is considerable research concerning learners' attitudes (Sun and Willson, 2008), instructional technologies (Wang, 2008), learning resources (Ouyang and Zhu, 2008), learning environments (Leung and Fung, 2005), learning methods (Wen and Stefanou, 2007), group collaborations (Webb et al , 2006) and course content (Bird, 2007; Young and Ku, 2008), among others.…”