Performance evaluation of a serially powered pixel detector prototype for the HL-LHC

Abstract

Efficient and low mass power distribution presents a challenge for vertex and tracking detectors at the HL-LHC. Different approaches have been considered to transmit power at low current and high voltage. This paper presents the serial powering scheme proposed as baseline for the ATLAS and CMS pixel detectors at the HL-LHC. A serially powered detector prototype with six pixel modules has been built, featuring all elements needed for current distribution, redundancy, data transmission, and sensor biasing. Results of the characterisation of the prototype in standard operating conditions as well as in more challenging scenarios including increased digital activity are presented.

Compact, directional neutron detectors capable of high-resolution nuclear recoil imaging

“…The pyBAR software is designed to support different hardware platforms that can be selected depending on the application. Areas of application range from single-chip readout for sensor characterization [32] to multi-chip readout for operation and testing of larger-scale detectors [33,34]. PyBAR and the underlying data acquisition framework Basil [35] are written in Python and provide FPGA firmware and firmware modules written in Verilog.…”

Serial powering and high hit rate efficiency measurement for the Phase 2 Upgrade of the CMS Pixel Detector

“…As the pixel detector will consist of 13488 chips, a parallel voltage based power distribution scheme would result in an unacceptably high cable mass and/or power loss ( Figure 1a). A serial power distribution scheme [8][9][10] works instead with a constant current powering several loads, as shown in Figure 1b. This makes it inherently more power efficient and immune to over-voltages as there can be no sudden current drop on the power lines.…”

The Readout System for the ITk Pixel Demonstrator for the ATLAS High-Luminosity Upgrade

“…[58] and for a serially powered prototype in Ref. [64] and observe a similar change of the threshold for small delays. The effect is attributed to a change in some voltages such as the discriminator bias caused by a change in current consumption when a command is processed.…”

“…Besides operating the frontends at a fixed threshold, another interesting characteristic is the lowest achievable threshold at which a frontend is operating above a certain noise threshold. This is important for operation in a high-rate environment, as the expected signal decreases with radiation damage to the sensor and a low threshold is necessary to maintain a high efficiency [64].…”