“…These approaches include traditional techniques, i.e., numerical methods, analytical methods, and deterministic methods, in addition to nature-inspired heuristic, meta-heuristic, and AI-inspired neural networks. However, in various scenarios and cases, such algorithms are subjected to achieve solutions which might lead to local optima (Kazmi et al, 2017a;Al-Sharafi et al, 2017;Kazmi et al, 2017b;Das et al, 2017;Javaid et al, 2019;Das et al, 2022;Mallala et al, 2023). However, the addition of further objectives or constraints can potentially increase the computational cost, and the results might not be the optimal result.…”