Performance enhancement for membrane distillation by introducing insoluble particle fillers in the feed

Exergetic analysis of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) using PVDF hollow fiber membranes for the desalination brine treatment

“…The goal is to improve the process's performance and efficiency by enhancing membrane qualities such as hydrophobicity, porosity, and thermal stability. For their applicability in DCMD, many membrane materials, including polymeric, composite, and nanocomposite membranes, have been studied [ 4 ]. Studies have sought to enhance the water flux and reduce energy usage by optimizing the operational DCMD parameters [ 5 ].…”