Performance at the clock drawing test of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects: a retrospective study

Scarpina, Federica; Paschino, Clara; Priano, Lorenzo; Mauro, Alessandro

doi:10.1007/s10072-019-04167-w

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…However, due to its complexity, EF is also reflected in this test ( 110 – 112 ). Using the clock drawing test, PD patients manifested a low performance compared with healthy controls ( 113 ). However, the major reason for clock drawing difficulties in PD with early cognitive impairment is dysfunctional executive control of memory retrieval instead of visuospatial impairment ( 114 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Mao

Huang

et al. 2020

Front. Neurol.

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Background: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is thought to be a prodromal symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). RBD is also thought to be involved in cognitive decline and dementia in PD. In PD, although the relationship between RBD and cognitive dysfunctions was confirmed by considerable studies, whether RBD was associated with distinct types of cognitive defects is worth of study. Objectives: This systematic review summarizes the evidence relating to cognitive dysfunction in PD patients with RBD (PD-RBD) and those without and explores their specificity to cognitive domains. Methods: A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed for 16 different cognitive domains, including global cognitive function, memory (long-term verbal recall, long-term verbal recognition, long-term visual recall, short-term spatial recall, and short-term verbal recall), executive function (general, fluid reasoning, generativity, shifting, inhibition, and updating), language, processing speed/complex attention/working memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, and psychomotor ability. The cognitive difference between the groups of patients was measured as a standardized mean difference (SMD, Cohen's d). PD-RBD patients were classified into Confirmed-RBD (definite diagnosis with polysomnography, PSG) and Probable-RBD (without PSG re-confirmation). In some domains, RBD patients could not be analyzed separately due to the exiguity of primary studies; this analysis refers to such RBD patients as "Mixed-RBD." Results: Thirty-nine studies with 6,695 PD subjects were finally included. Confirmed-RBD patients showed worse performance than those without in global cognitive function, long-term verbal recall, long-term verbal recognition, generativity, inhibition, shifting, language, and visuospatial/constructional ability; Probable-RBD, in global cognitive function and shifting; and Mixed-RBD, in long-term visual recall, Mao et al. RBD and Cognition in PD? short-term spatial recall, general executive function, and processing speed/complex attention/working memory. Conclusion: This meta-analysis strongly suggests a relationship between RBD, Confirmed-RBD in particular, and cognitive dysfunctions in PD patients. Early and routine screening by sensitive and targeted cognitive tasks is necessary for all PD-RBD patients because it may offer the therapeutic time window before they evolve to irreversible dementia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Mao

Huang

et al. 2020

Front. Neurol.

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“…As classic assessment tools, CDT and CCT are widely used in the assessment of PD patients because they are easy to understand and requiring less time (Scarpina et al, 2020;Mori et al, 2021;Srivastava et al, 2022). However, their limitations and shortcomings are also obvious.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outcome of visuospatial dysfunction assessment in patients with Parkinson’s disease using mobile application software

Wang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2023

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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BackgroundVisuospatial dysfunction and cognitive impairment are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which draw increasing attention in the current literature. But clinicians still lack rapid, effective and unified cognitive battery for visuospatial assessment.ObjectiveA new approach was studied to explore the feasibility of using mobile application software (APP) to evaluate visuospatial dysfunction in patients with PD and compared with traditional assessment tools. We aimed to verify the threshold score of the APP for early diagnosis.Materials and methodsA total of 41 patients with PD underwent assessments using several test modules including Digit Symbol Test (DST), Visual Organization Test (VOT), Facial Recognition Test (FRT), Vocabulary Memory Test (VMT) of this APP, as well as Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Cube Copying Test (CCT) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for comparison. Among the 41 PD patients, 30 individuals were found to have visuospatial dysfunction based on CDT score < 5 and CCT score of<18 while the remaining 11 patients served as control.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in DST, VOT, and FRT scores (all p ≤ 0.001 for group comparisons). DST, VOT, and FRT-1 were significantly correlated with MMSE, CDT and CCT and the correlations were moderate or fairly strong. For visuospatial dysfunction diagnosis, all the areas under curves (AUC) of DST, VOT, and FRT-1 were statistically significant (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0002, and p = 0.0002, respectively). The estimates and 95% confidence intervals of AUC were 0.8303 (0.6868, 0.9739), 0.8045 (0.6423, 0.9668), and 0.7833 (0.6344, 0.9322), respectively. Their cut-off points for visuospatial dysfunction were 26, 17, and 19, respectively. After dichotomization by the cut-off points, DST had high sensitivity of 96.67% while VOT and FRT-1 had high specificity of 81.82 and 90.91%.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that visuospatial disorders was highly prevalent in PD patients, and the APP used in study could be a practical clinical screening tool for visuospatial ability assessment with high sensitivity and specificity.

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“…Val66Met polymorphism; see Supplementary Material for protocols), and cognitive function evaluated with the Mini Mental Parkinson's (MMP; cognitive screening tool that measures attention, conceptualisation, construction, initiation/perseveration and memory, and has a maximum score of 32), the Trail Making test A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B; tests of psychomotor speed, visual attention and task switching) and the Clock Drawing test (CDT; cognitive screening tool that measures spatial dysfunction and neglect) [20][21][22].…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The therapeutic effects of multimodal exercise for people with Parkinson's: A longitudinal community-based study

Ferrusola-Pastrana

Davison

Meadows

2023

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

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Performance at the clock drawing test of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects: a retrospective study

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Association Between REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Outcome of visuospatial dysfunction assessment in patients with Parkinson’s disease using mobile application software

The therapeutic effects of multimodal exercise for people with Parkinson's: A longitudinal community-based study

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