Performance assessment of SPAD arrays for coincidence detection in quantum-enhanced imaging

Madonini, Francesca; Severini, Fabio; Zappa, Franco; Villa, Federica

doi:10.1117/12.2594000

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Each pixel embeds a D flip-flop to selectively enable or disable (EN) the corresponding SPAD for disabling hot pixels, i.e., SPADs with a DCR much higher than the median value, which would cause many spurious single-photon detections. The 20 ns hold-off time (T HOFF ) is a trade-off between afterpulsing probability (about 0.12% [18]) and achievable photon rate (roughly equal to 1/T HOFF ), so the detector is not blinded by a single-photon rate estimated to be below 5 Mcps (considering both DCR and laser source) [20]. The hold-off logic consists of a delay line that propagates the output of an SR-latch, set by the EVENT signal (shortened to 2.5 ns), and then generates the RESET signal to rearm the SPAD.…”

Section: A Spad Front-end Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Resolved Event-Driven 24 × 24 Pixels SPAD Imager With 100% Duty Cycle for Low Optical Power Quantum Entanglement Detection

Severini

Cusini

Madonini

et al. 2023

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quantum microscopy requires efficient detectors able to identify temporal correlations among photons. Photon coincidences are usually detected by postprocessing their timestamps measured by means of time-to-digital converters (TDCs), through a time and power-consuming procedure, which impairs the overall system performance. In this article, we propose an innovative single-photon sensitive imager based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), able to signal coincident photon pairs along with their position through a TDC-free, event-driven architecture. The result is a highly efficient detector (25.8%) with a 100% duty cycle and minimized data throughput. The modular architecture and the 330 ns readout time, independent of pixel number, pave the way to large format imagers based on the same paradigm. The detector enabled quantum imaging at extremely low, microwatt-level optical pump powers, four orders of magnitude lower than previous experiments with similar optical setups.Index Terms-(On-chip) photon coincidence detection (CD), entangled photons, event-driven readout, quantum microscopy, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. I. INTRODUCTIONT HE most important performance parameters in optical imaging are sensitivity (i.e., the minimum measurable variation of the quantity under investigation), spatial resolution (i.e., the minimum distance at which two points can be distinguished), and, in a few applications, temporal resolution (i.e.,

show abstract

Section: A Spad Front-end Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Resolved Event-Driven 24 × 24 Pixels SPAD Imager With 100% Duty Cycle for Low Optical Power Quantum Entanglement Detection

Severini

Cusini

Madonini

et al. 2023

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For this reason, crosstalk should be minimized during the detector design phase and characterized after production to implement postprocessing algorithms to mitigate its effects [134]. Signal correlations can also be hidden by accidental coincidences due to single photons being detected simultaneously: the longer the coincidence time window, the higher the probability of false coincidences [135]. Spurious detections result from dark count events or photon losses in the optical path (due to source, optics or detector inefficiencies).…”

Section: Quantum Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ability to detect single photons is becoming an enabling key capability in an increasing number of fields. Indeed, its scope is not limited to applications that specifically rely on single photons, such as quantum imaging, but extends to applications where a low signal is overwhelmed by background light, such as laser ranging, or in which faint excitation light is required not to damage the sample or harm the patient. In the last decades, SPADs gained popularity with respect to other single-photon detectors thanks to their small size, possibility to be integrated in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processes, room temperature operability, low power supply and, above all, the possibility to be fast gated (to time filter the incoming signal) and to precisely timestamp the detected photons. The development of large digital arrays that integrates the detectors and circuits has allowed the implementation of complex functionality on-chip, tailoring the detectors to suit the need of specific applications. This review proposes a complete overview of silicon SPADs characteristics and applications. In the previous Part I, starting with the working principle, simulation models and required frontend, the paper moves to the most common parameters adopted in literature for characterizing SPAD performance and describes single pixels applications and their performance. In this Part II, the focus is posed on the development of SPAD arrays, presenting some of the most notable examples found in literature. The actual exploitation of these designs in real applications (e.g., automotive, bioimaging and radiation detectors) is then discussed.

show abstract

Performance assessment of SPAD arrays for coincidence detection in quantum-enhanced imaging

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Spatially Resolved Event-Driven 24 × 24 Pixels SPAD Imager With 100% Duty Cycle for Low Optical Power Quantum Entanglement Detection

Spatially Resolved Event-Driven 24 × 24 Pixels SPAD Imager With 100% Duty Cycle for Low Optical Power Quantum Entanglement Detection

Historical Perspectives, State of Art and Research Trends of SPAD Arrays and Their Applications (Part II: SPAD Arrays)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About