Performance and implications of forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for simultaneous treatment of different real produced water streams

Solar desalination: A review of recent developments in environmental, regulatory and economic issues

“…One barrier to wider application of CSP in desalination is what to do with the concentrated brine solution after recovery of potable water. According to El-Agouz et al, [11], high energy consumption is a major barrier to the effective large-scale implementation of membrane distillation (MD), an emerging thermally driven membrane process having numerous advantages, such as ability in treating challenging feed streams with moderate fouling [12]. A possible solution to the high energy consumption barrier, according to the authors, lies in applying solar thermal heating methods for the feed water in MD systems.…”

Technical Feasibility of Extraction of Freshwater from Produced Water with Combined Forward Osmosis and Nanofiltration

“…Various methods are being employed or developed aimed at the treatment of PW [9,16]. Among those or in the framework of certain management schemes, membrane separation processes may provide scalability and a suitable separation performance [8,11,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. The complexity of the PW composition presents a challenging task in selecting suitable unit operations for its treatment.…”

“…Forward osmosis is an osmotically driven membrane technology that has been suggested as a valid tool for the treatment of PW under certain circumstances, especially combined with other treatment units [19,21,22,27,28,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. The driving force of the water transport in an FO process is owed to the inherent osmotic pressure difference across the membrane.…”