Performance and Evaluation of Electro-Oxidation Treatment of Human Urine Metabolite Uric Acid Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

In this work, electrocatalytic treatment of uric acid has been performed by anodic oxidation using mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode and stainless steel as a cathode. A full factorial Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the effect of various operating parameters such as current applied (i), pH of the solution, NaCl concentration (n) and treatment time (t) in an electrochemical cell. 92% degradation of uric acid (C 0 = 50 mg L −1 ) was achieved with all the optimal conditions e.g. current intensity 0.3 A, pH of 2 and treatment time of 6.95 min. The main strength of the study lies in the reporting the durability of electrodes besides being cost-effective. The electrodes were durable enough to be used even after sixty cycles as confirmed through SEM/EDS and XRD. The mineralization of uric acid was confirmed through a reduction in COD and TOC along with generation of nitrite and nitrate ions. A degradation pathway for uric acid has been proposed based on the intermediates formed as identified through LC-MS analysis. Hence the attempts in the present study will open up new opportunities in the field of eco-sanitation especially in developing countries for the on-site treatment of human urine.

Tannery Dye Wastewater Treatment in Batch and Once through Continuous Mode by Electro-Oxidation Using MMO Electrode

“…A ratio greater than 4 is desirable. 25 The adequate precision for the responses W 1 , W 2, and W 3 were found to be 29.4, 119.6, 57.2 respectively, indicates an adequate signal and suggested quadratic model is efficient to analyze the relation between variables and the responses and this model can be used to navigate the design space.…”

Electrooxidation treatment of simulated wastewater using mixed-metal oxide anodes for bacterial decontamination

“…In this experimental study, the novel quaternary MMO anodes Ti/Ir/Ru/Pt have been selected for the EO treatment of simulated wastewater containing bacteria. In order to get more active sites, stability at high temperature and acidic solutions, durability, resistivity, and electrochemical stability at low current densities, this novel combination of metal oxides were incorporated into the titanium anodes [31]. This study further claims the first-time use of this ternary MMO anodes for the EO treatment of bacteria.…”

Application of a Novel Ti/nanoSnO2-α-Fe2O3Anode for the Electro-Catalytic Degradation of Dye Pollutant: Optimization of Operational Parameters by Central Composite Design

“…First, the reduced effective contact between dyes and oxidant species may due to the formation of a salt film on the electrode surface during the treatment process. [54][55][56] Birto et al 57 and Singla et al 58 From Fig. 6d, we can see that the increasing the reaction time leads to enhanced color removal of AY3 at all applied initial pH solutions.…”