Performance and arcing characteristics of Ag/Ni contact materials under DC resistive load conditions

Swingler, Jonathan

doi:10.1049/iet-smt.2009.0034

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Ag alloying with other elements (Cu, W, Ni, Cr, Pd, etc.) can be one of the methods to improve the properties of Ag, for electrical contact applications. − However, a detailed study on the tribological properties of Ag-based alloys is lacking. Furthermore, it is time-consuming to select appropriate candidates, among the numerous alloying elements, and to identify compositions and microstructures, which give an optimum combination of properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial Study of Gradient Ag–Al Thin Films: Microstructure, Phase Formation, Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Mao

Taher

Kryshtal

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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A combinatorial approach is applied to rapidly deposit and screen Ag-Al thin films to evaluate the mechanical, tribological, and electrical properties as a function of chemical composition. Ag-Al thin films with large continuous composition gradients (6-60 atom % Al) were deposited by a custom-designed combinatorial magnetron sputtering system. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nanoindentation, and four-point electrical resistance screening were employed to characterize the chemical composition, structure, and physical properties of the films in a time-efficient way. For low Al contents (<13 atom %), a highly (111)-textured fcc phase was formed. At higher Al contents, a (002)-textured hcp solid solution phase was formed followed by a fcc phase in the most Al-rich regions. No indication of a μ phase was observed. The Ag-Al films with fcc-Ag matrix is prone to adhesive material transfer leading to a high friction coefficient (>1) and adhesive wear, similar to the behavior of pure Ag. In contrast, the hexagonal solid solution phase (from ca. 15 atom %Al) exhibited dramatically reduced friction coefficients (about 15% of that of the fcc phase) and dramatically reduced adhesive wear when tested against the pure Ag counter surface. The increase in contact resistance of the Ag-Al films is limited to only 50% higher than a pure Ag reference sample at the low friction and low wear region (19-27 atom %). This suggests that a hcp Ag-Al alloy can have a potential use in sliding electrical contact applications and in the future will replace pure Ag in specific electromechanical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial Study of Gradient Ag–Al Thin Films: Microstructure, Phase Formation, Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Mao

Taher

Kryshtal

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The most popular and widely used approach for arc energy determination is a method based on simultaneous time-related voltage and current diagram registration [30][31][32]. The difference in the T a and E a calculation in this case lies in the various methods used for calculating the resultant quantities.…”

Section: Research Topicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Switching Arc Energy Limitation Approach for LV Circuit Breakers

Smugala

Bonk

2021

Energies

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This paper presents an experimentally verified approach to deriving switching arc energy limitations for low-voltage (LV) circuit breakers (CBs). Air-insulated contactors equipped with additional vacuum-insulated (VI) arcing contacts were tested for AC and DC current interruption efficiency, respectively. In the study, the contact arrangements of reed relay VI contact switches of low current breaking capacity combined with air-insulated contactors were examined. Tests were performed on selected LV CBs inductively loaded for LV power network rated voltages. A comparative analysis of the arc energy resulting from various arc time durations recorded during the switching-off operation was performed. Using a variety of either basic CB air-insulated contact systems or combined contact systems, a practical assessment of the proposed idea for enhancing the arc quenching efficiency was undertaken. As a result of the implementation of the proposed idea, the arc burning duration time was indicated as being hundreds of times shorter. In most cases, a complete arc reduction was achieved. Moreover, the resulting arc energy dissipation during the breaking operation was substantially minimized. Consequently, a significant increase in the total current breaking capacity of the tested CBs was achieved.

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“…In the selection of low-voltage electrical contact materials, it is necessary to consider a variety of characteristics including physical properties, mechanical properties, electrical contact properties, thermal properties, chemical properties, processing and manufacturing properties, and so on [1,2]. Ag-based electrical contacts are employed in a multitude of light-and heavy-load electrical appliances due to their resistance to electrical abrasion, resistance to fusion welding, high electrical conductivity with very low contact resistance, and chemical stability [3][4][5]. Ag-metal oxide is the most widely used electrical contact material; however, there are production problems due to the fact that the AgCdO material produces poisonous Cd vapors, and the AgSnO 2 has defects such as high hardness and an inability to withstand the stresses placed upon it by the wires [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-Principles and Experimental Study of Ge, V, Ta-Doped AgNi Electrical Contact Materials

Wang,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Coatings

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To explore the stability, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of undoped AgNi alongside AgNi doped with elemental Ge, V, and Ta, we performed calculations on their electronic structures using density functional theory from first-principles. We also prepared AgNi(17) and AgNi-x(Ge, V, Ta) electrical contact materials using the powder metallurgy technique, and they were subsequently assessed experimentally. The electrical properties of these materials were evaluated under a 24 V/15 A DC-resistive load using the JF04D contact material testing system. A three-dimensional morphology scanner was employed to examine the contact surface and investigate the erosion patterns of the materials. Our findings indicate that doping with metal elements significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of electrical contacts, including conductivity and hardness, and optimizes arc parameters while improving resistance to arc erosion. Notably, AgNi-Ge demonstrated superior conductivity and arc erosion resistance, showing significant improvements over the undoped AgNi contacts. This research provides a theoretical foundation for selecting doping elements aimed at enhancing the performance of AgNi electrical contact materials.

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Performance and arcing characteristics of Ag/Ni contact materials under DC resistive load conditions

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Combinatorial Study of Gradient Ag–Al Thin Films: Microstructure, Phase Formation, Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Combinatorial Study of Gradient Ag–Al Thin Films: Microstructure, Phase Formation, Mechanical and Electrical Properties

Switching Arc Energy Limitation Approach for LV Circuit Breakers

First-Principles and Experimental Study of Ge, V, Ta-Doped AgNi Electrical Contact Materials

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