Performance Analysis of Time Synchronization Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Phan, Linh-An; Kim, Taejoon; Lee, JaeSeang; Ham, Jae-Hyun

doi:10.3390/s19133020

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…The data usage used by transmitting an offset is less or at least not greater than for transmitting the clock. Using a reference (the lowest ID node in the neighborhood in our case) can also improve the synchronization speed with respect to a peer-to-peer gradient time synchronization setup [41].…”

Section: Frame-based Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed TDMA for Mobile UWB Network Localization

Cao

Chen

St-Onge

et al. 2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Many applications related to the Internet-of-Things, such as tracking people or objects, robotics, and monitoring require localization of large networks of devices in dynamic, GPS-denied environments. Ultra-WideBand (UWB) technology is a common choice because of its precise ranging capability. However, allowing access and effective use of the shared UWB medium with a constantly changing set of devices faces some particular challenges: high frequency of ranging measurements by the devices to improve system accuracy; network topology changes requiring rapid adaptation; and decentralized operation to avoid single points of failure.In this paper, we propose a novel Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) algorithm that can quickly schedule the use of the UWB medium by a large network of devices without collisions in local network neighborhoods and avoiding conflicts with hidden terminals, all the while maximizing network usage. Using exclusively the UWB radio network, we realize a decentralized system for synchronization, dynamic TDMA scheduling, and precise relative positioning on a multi-hop network. Our system does not have special nodes (all nodes are equal) and it is sufficiently scalable for real-world applications. Our method can be applied to implement device localization services in a large spaces without GPS and complex topologies, like malls, museums, mines, etc. We demonstrate our method in simulation and on real hardware in an underground parking lot, showing the effectiveness of its TDMA schedule for relative localization.

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Section: Frame-based Synchronizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed TDMA for Mobile UWB Network Localization

Cao

Chen

St-Onge

et al. 2021

IEEE Internet Things J.

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“…The performances of CDAs for different clock relation models are evaluated using simulated data for comparative fairness. As discussed by Phan et al [ 66 ], different data collection strategies yield different results, which may favor some models. The fairness in CDA comparison strategies is important, and a reliable result can only be achieved by using the same data for the purpose [ 67 ].…”

Section: Clock Discipline Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these solutions are not always desirable or applicable due to the energy constraints or due to the required level of the time synchronization accuracy. In multi-hop networks, frequent estimation of the clock skew may also degrade the performance as elaborated on by Phan et al [ 66 ]. This problem can be avoided by changing the time duration between the clock skew estimate updates.…”

Section: Clock Discipline Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Time Synchronization for IoT Deployments: Clock Discipline Algorithms and Protocols

Yi̇ği̇tler

Badihi

Jäntti

2020

Sensors

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Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to change the everyday life of its users by enabling data exchanges among pervasive things through the Internet. Such a broad aim, however, puts prohibitive constraints on applications demanding time-synchronized operation for the chronological ordering of information or synchronous execution of some tasks, since in general the networks are formed by entities of widely varying resources. On one hand, the existing contemporary solutions for time synchronization, such as Network Time Protocol, do not easily tailor to resource-constrained devices, and on the other, the available solutions for constrained systems do not extend well to heterogeneous deployments. In this article, the time synchronization problems for IoT deployments for applications requiring a coherent notion of time are studied. Detailed derivations of the clock model and various clock relation models are provided. The clock synchronization methods are also presented for different models, and their expected performance are derived and illustrated. A survey of time synchronization protocols is provided to aid the IoT practitioners to select appropriate components for a deployment. The clock discipline algorithms are presented in a tutorial format, while the time synchronization methods are summarized as a survey. Therefore, this paper is a holistic overview of the available time synchronization methods for IoT deployments.

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“…The repetition of this process results in the time synchronization among all the nodes. However, if the nodes are deployed in a large area, the number of rounds required in achieving the synchronization increases sharply [ 19 , 20 ]. Moreover, as the number of nodes in a network increases, some nodes may malfunction due to hardware or software failure, which deteriorates the performance of time synchronization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast and Robust Time Synchronization with Median Kalman Filtering for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Jeon

Kim

2021

Sensors

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Time synchronization is an important issue in ad-hoc networks for reliable information exchange. The algorithms for time synchronization in ad-hoc networks are largely categorized into two types. One is based on a selection of a reference node, and the other is based on a consensus among neighbor nodes. These two types of methods are targeting static environments. However, synchronization errors among nodes increase sharply when nodes move or when incorrect synchronization information is exchanged due to the failure of some nodes. In this paper, we propose a synchronization technique for mobile ad-hoc networks, which considers both the mobility of nodes and the abnormal behaviors of malicious or failed nodes. Specifically, synchronization information extracted from a median of the time information of the neighbor nodes is quickly disseminated. This information effectively excludes the outliers, which adversely affect the synchronization of the networks. In addition, Kalman filtering is applied to reduce the synchronization error occurring in the transmission and reception of time information. The simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme has a fast synchronization convergence speed and low synchronization error compared to conventional algorithms.

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Performance Analysis of Time Synchronization Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Distributed TDMA for Mobile UWB Network Localization

Distributed TDMA for Mobile UWB Network Localization

Overview of Time Synchronization for IoT Deployments: Clock Discipline Algorithms and Protocols

Fast and Robust Time Synchronization with Median Kalman Filtering for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

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