Performance Analysis of Multihop Underground Magnetic Induction Communication

Abstract

Magnetic induction (MI) is a promising solution for realizing wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) for many applications such as smart agriculture, surveillance, and environmental monitoring. In this study, a practical deployment model for a multihop MI-WUSN was developed, and its end-to-end performance was evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, channel capacity, and bit error rate. We considered a multihop MI-WUSN and evaluated its end-to-end statistical performance for two scenarios pertaining to the hop state: (1) independent and identical distribution (IID) and (2) independent and non-identical distribution (INID). We derived analytical expressions for the performance evaluation and analysis of both scenarios by varying the number of hops and channel conditions. Our extensive numerical results show that asymptotic performance bounds can be obtained for the IID of hops. An analysis of the INID of hops yielded practical results that can facilitate decisive optimisation trade-offs and that can help reduce the system design overhead.

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

“…[36] -Present a system based on acoustic waves [39] -Develop and evaluate a path loss model [37] -Study the propagation characteristic of EM waves Routing [43] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN [46] -Optimize the power of the relay node on WUSN [44] -Use cluster-based cooperative models [45] -Deploy relay nodes to prolong network lifetime [40] -Description of a single-hop approach in WUSN [41] -Study the optimal placement of the relay nodes Energy [49] -Analyze the energy consumption of different networks [50] -Study the wake-up of buried sensor nodes [48] -Propose multi-hoped communications guarantying energy efficiency [47] -Present energy harvesting approaches for WUSN Antenna [53] -Study the impacts of moisture on antenna return loss and bandwidth [54] -Model the antenna return loss face to moisture variations [51] -Present a design of phased array antennas [52] -Study the impact of soil on UWB antenna MI [55] -Analyze the multi-hop underground communications based on MI [56] -Investigate MI communications based on relay circuits [57] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN based on MI [58] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves [59] -Present the challenges of MI communications in WUSN [60] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves…”

“…The acoustic waves can reach distances of a few tens of meters underground [36], but the very low data rate, high noise levels and delays limit their uses in WUSNs [30,75]. The technologies based on magnetic induction (MI) are limited in terms of communication distance of about a few meters [55][56][57][58][59]. Ref.…”

Wireless Underground Sensor Communication Using Acoustic Technology

“…A multi-hop magnetic induction (MI) based system was investigated due to its robust nature [21]. However, the challenge of improving transmission range persisted due to the high attenuation of magnetic field over distance.…”

Development of an HTS-SQUID-Based Receiver for Long-Range Magnetic Induction Communication in Extreme Environments

“…It is noted that some relay technologies have been proposed to extend the communication range based on transmission between traditional loop coils [10][11][12]. Alternatively, another way to address the range limitation problem is to employ more sensitive magnetic field sensors as MI receivers in place of the traditional coil.…”