Performance analysis of DSSS‐ and CSS‐based physical layer for IoT transmission over LEO satellites

Abstract

To determine a suitable waveform for Internet of Things (IoT) transmission over low‐Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, this paper reports the results of a performance comparison between chirp spread spectrum (CSS)‐based LoRa and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)‐based Ingenu. The performance of both waveforms was measured in terms of the packet error rate, throughput, and packet loss rate, considering the Doppler effect caused by the high speed of LEO satellites and the interference among multiple terminals. Simulation results indicate that the DSSS scheme is more suitable than the CSS scheme for high‐traffic IoT services because of its robustness against interference among multiple terminals. However, the CSS scheme is more suitable than the DSSS scheme for high‐mobility IoT services because of its robustness against the Doppler effect. We discuss various solutions, such as the preprocessing of Doppler effect and avoidance of packet collision, to enhance the performance of the DSSS and CSS schemes. The simulation results of the proposed solution show that the enhanced DSSS scheme can be a proper waveform in IoT transmission over LEO satellites for both the high‐traffic and high‐mobility services.

Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

“…This is calculated using mathematical formulas and models. One of the most widely used methods is the radio propagation model for transmission distance estimation, also known as the Friis equation [45] (see Equation ( 1)), which establishes a fundamental relationship between free space losses, antenna gains, wavelength, reception, and transmission powers [45].…”

Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review

“…Ingenu RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) is a proprietary long-range protocol technology that utilizes the 2.4 GHz ISM band and is specifically designed for IoT applications. It employs a RPMA direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) scheme in uplink (UL) [117] and code division multiple access (CDMA) in downlink (DL) at the PHY layer, which is necessary to mitigate the interference encountered at 2.4 GHz, and is based on TDMA at the MAC layer [118]. One of the advantages of this technology is that it utilizes a random access scheme for data transmission, significantly reducing power consumption in comparison to other communication protocols Ingenu RPMA technology allows for star and tree topologies, and the establishment of private networks.…”

Dynamic power and bandwidth allocation for DVB‐based LEO satellite systems

“…Furthermore, LEO satellites outperform geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites in terms of round-trip delay and free space loss, suggesting that a system based on LEO satellites could be a strong candidate for sixthgeneration non-terrestrial networks. Therefore, the LEO satellite system has become a powerful tool enabling the use of the Internet of Things in the aforementioned remote areas [2,3].…”