Performance analysis of decoy state quantum key distribution over underwater turbulence channels

Raouf, Amir Hossein Fahim; Safari, Majid; Uysal, Murat

doi:10.1364/josab.451242

“…In [81], the BB84 QBER and SKGR performances in underwater channels are analyzed. To this end, the authors first present an upper bound for the QBER as a function of path loss and average power transfer function.…”

Section: Shi Et Al Investigate the Scattering And Absorption Properti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the average power transfer µ turb over the turbulent path can be used to determine the lower and upper bounds for sift and error probabilities [61]. Based on the lower and upper bounds for sift and error probabilities obtained in [61] over a turbulent channel, a lower bound on QBER is given by [81] QBER…”

Section: A Qber and Skgrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In (14), θ represents the full width of the transmitter beam divergence angle and T is a correction factor chosen according to the type of water, as described in [70]. The average power transfer over a turbulent underwater channel is given by [81]…”

Section: A Qber and Skgrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We will consider the Mobley seawater classification, in order to be concise and to include also turbid waters as those observed in harbors. For the purpose of this study, we presume that the transmitter and receiver pupil diameters are both equal to 10 cm, FoV is Ω = 180 • , and that the atmospheric conditions are clear at night with a full moon unless otherwise indicated [30]. For the sake of clarity and conciseness, (17) in (11) and then using ( 8)).…”

Section: B Effects Of Channel Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A tutorial on Underwater Quantum Key distribution

Paglierani¹,

Raouf²,

Pelekanakis³

et al. 2023

Preprint

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>The growing importance of Underwater Networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure Underwater Communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of Quantum Computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging also UCs. Currently, underwater crypto-systems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum-robust, but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. A promising approach to overcome the key distribution problem is based on Post-Quantum Public-Key (PQPK) protocols. The security of PQPK protocols, however, only relies on the assumed computational complexity of some underlying mathematical problems. Moreover, the use of resource hungry PQPK algorithms in resource-constrained environments such as UNs can require non-trivial hardware/software optimization efforts. An alternative approach is underwater Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which promises unconditional security built upon the physical principles of Quantum Mechanics. This tutorial provides a basic introduction to free-space Underwater QKD (UQKD). At first, the basic concepts of QKD are presented, based on a fully worked out QKD example. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis of UQKD is carried out. The paper subsequently provides a theoretical analysis of the QKD performance through free-space underwater channels, and its dependence on the key optical parameters of the system and seawater. Finally, open challenges, points of strength and perspectives of UQKD are identified and discussed.</p>

show abstract

“…Discrete variable QKD schemes are of two types, specifically, Prepare and Measure (PaM) protocols and Entanglement-Based (EB) protocols [30]. The earliest QKD protocols utilized the PaM method, which involves creating a qubit 3 state and subsequently transmitting it to the recipient party.…”

Section: A Qkd Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Primer to Underwater Quantum Key Distribution

Paglierani¹,

Raouf²,

Pelekanakis³

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>The growing importance of Underwater Networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure Underwater Communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of Quantum Computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging also UCs. Currently, underwater crypto-systems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum-robust, but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. A promising approach to overcome the key distribution problem is based on Post-Quantum Public-Key (PQPK) protocols. The security of PQPK protocols, however, only relies on the assumed computational complexity of some underlying mathematical problems. Moreover, the use of resource hungry PQPK algorithms in resource-constrained environments such as UNs can require non-trivial hardware/software optimization efforts. An alternative approach is underwater Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which promises unconditional security built upon the physical principles of Quantum Mechanics. This tutorial provides a basic introduction to free-space Underwater QKD (UQKD). At first, the basic concepts of QKD are presented, based on a fully worked out QKD example. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis of UQKD is carried out. The paper subsequently provides a theoretical analysis of the QKD performance through free-space underwater channels, and its dependence on the key optical parameters of the system and seawater. Finally, open challenges, points of strength and perspectives of UQKD are identified and discussed.</p>

show abstract