“…A machine tool integrates three essential elements: the machine and controllers, the part to be processed, and the tool. Their basic elements are the machine base, parts handling devices, tools and automatic tool changer, drive units and controls, and logic-programmable commands and sensors (Mahmood et al, 2017). FMS workstations include at least one CNC machine tool equipped with a tool magazine, performing multiple sequential operations (milling, drilling, etching, etc.).…”