Perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water of China in 2017: Distribution characteristics, influencing factors and potential risks

Li, Yuna; Li, Jiafu; Zhang, Lifen; Huang, Zhiping; Yun-qing, Liu; Wu, Nan; He, Jiahui; Zhang, Zhaozhao; Zhang, Ying; Niu, Zhiguang

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.036

Cited by 74 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In some remote areas like Urumqi, Lhasa, and northeastern China, the PFASs in drinking water are thought to mainly originate from longdistance transport. The high percentage of PFBA in these cities is likely due to precursor conversion in the atmosphere [41]. The PFASs in drinking water in other cities were dominated by PFOA and PFOS.…”

Section: Levels and Mixture Profiles Of Pfass In Chinese Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In addition, a strong increase in short chain PFASs was observed by comparing the samples taken before 2010 [20,32] with those taken after 2010 [38,41], indicating that short chain PFASs in Chinese drinking water need more attention and source tracking, followed by efficient control and reduction [50,51]. Furthermore, in recent years, some newly identified PFASs were detected in Chinese drinking water, such as FHxSA, PFEtS, F-53B and HFPO-TA [52,53].…”

Section: Temporal Trendmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These levels were significantly higher than those detected in Korea, Australia and some European countries [3,44,45], but comparable to contamination in other cities affected by fluorochemical production such as in Minnesota and New Jersey [24, 46, . The emission source, especially the presence of fluorochemical plants, the major local PFAS industrial users, the use of PFAS-containing firefighting foam [17,41,48], and the quality of the drinking water treatment processes and precursor conversion [48,49] can impact the pattern and concentration of PFASs in drinking water. To better inform management and mitigation measures to reduce contamination of PFASs in drinking water, further research is needed to clarify and quantify how these factors impact the specific PFAS mixture profiles observed.…”

Section: Levels and Mixture Profiles Of Pfass In Chinese Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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Background In recent years, the widespread presence of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment and the related exposures and adverse health effects has received increasing attention. However, PFASs are not routinely monitored in drinking water in many parts of the world, including China. PFAS data are mainly generated by research studies. This paper provides an overview of the available research studies on PFASs in Chinese drinking water to better understand the current status of PFAS contamination and the potential for exposure. Results The available studies provided PFAS data from 526 drinking water samples across 66 cities in China with a total of approximately 452 million inhabitants. We mapped the risk distribution associated with PFAS-contaminated drinking water in China by comparing the measured levels with recent international guidelines. The PFAS concentrations reported in more than 20% of the studied cities, likely affecting 98.5 million people, were above the maximum contaminant level issued by Vermont in 2019. Furthermore, we also investigated the human exposure to PFASs in drinking water by estimating total daily intakes based on Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population. This study revealed that East China and the Southwest regions posed a relatively higher risk to the Chinese population and some cities in the Yangtze River basin such as Zigong, Jiujiang, Lianyungang and a considerable share of other cities have exceeded the health-based guidelines issued by EU and US agencies. Conclusion Drinking water in many cities and regions in China is contaminated with PFASs at levels of concern. PFAS elimination of PFASs from drinking water in contaminated cities and affected regions in China is urgently needed. PFAS releases from industries and other sources need better control and reduction. Further monitoring in remote Chinese regions is needed to overcome the knowledge gaps for a more comprehensive understanding of population exposure. The current risk assessment of PFASs in China should be re-evaluated considering the most recent toxicological studies, to clarify if the guidelines need to be lowered as recently done in Europe and the United States. This is necessary to have the best national base for risk assessment and a science-based driver for countermeasures.

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Section: Levels and Mixture Profiles Of Pfass In Chinese Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Temporal Trendmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Levels and Mixture Profiles Of Pfass In Chinese Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Eur

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“…Data published in 2018 indicated that tap water and bottled water collected in Canada, USA, Chile, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, France, Japan, Norway and Mexico were contaminated with PFBS at the concentrations from 0.2 to 1.6 ng/mL [76]. The study carried out in 79 cities of 31 administrative regions of China demonstrated that mean PFASs level in drinking water was 35.13 ng/L (the range of the concentrations of 4.49 to 174.93 ng/L), and the most commonly detected compounds were PFBA, PFOA, PFNA and PFOS [77]. Those authors also noted that the concentrations of analyzed compounds depended on the size of a city as it was higher in intermediate than in a large municipal agglomerations.…”

Section: Sources Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

Endocrine Disruptor Potential of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)—A Synthesis of Current Knowledge with Proposal of Molecular Mechanism

Mokra

2021

IJMS

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Endocrine disruptors are a group of chemical compounds that, even in low concentrations, cause a hormonal imbalance in the body, contributing to the development of various harmful health disorders. Many industry compounds, due to their important commercial value and numerous applications, are produced on a global scale, while the mechanism of their endocrine action has not been fully understood. In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained the interest of major international health organizations, and thus more and more studies have been aimed to explain the toxicity of these compounds. PFASs were firstly synthesized in the 1950s and broadly used in the industry in the production of firefighting agents, cosmetics and herbicides. The numerous industrial applications of PFASs, combined with the exceptionally long half-life of these substances in the human body and extreme environmental persistence, result in a common and chronic exposure of the general population to their action. Available data have suggested that human exposure to PFASs can occur during different stages of development and may cause short- or/and long-term health effects. This paper synthetizes the current literature reports on the presence, bioaccumulation and, particularly, endocrine toxicity of selected long- and short-chain PFASs, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms underlying their endocrine actions.

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“…Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are emerging POPs present in many commercial and consumer products (Li et al, 2019). PFOA and PFOS are of current concern because of their environmental contamination and human exposure.…”

Section: Epigenetic Changes Link Ecs To Adverse Health Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking emerging contaminants exposure to adverse health effects: Crosstalk between epigenome and environment

Alam

Shapla

Shen

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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Environmental epigenetic findings shed new light on the roles of epigenetic regulations in environmental exposure‐induced toxicities or disease susceptibilities. Currently, environmental emerging contaminants (ECs) are in focus for further investigation due to the evidence of human exposure in addition to their environmental occurrences. However, the adverse effects of these environmental ECs on health through epigenetic mechanisms are still poorly addressed in many aspects. This review discusses the epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA expressions) linking ECs exposure to health outcomes. We emphasized on the recent literature describing how ECs can dysregulate epigenetic mechanisms and lead to downstream health outcomes. These up‐to‐date research outputs could provide novel insights into the toxicological mechanisms of ECs. However, the field still faces a demand for further studies on the broad spectrum of health effects, synergistic/antagonistic effects, transgenerational epigenetic effects, and epidemiologic and demographic data of ECs.

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Perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water of China in 2017: Distribution characteristics, influencing factors and potential risks

Cited by 74 publications

References 50 publications

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution

Endocrine Disruptor Potential of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)—A Synthesis of Current Knowledge with Proposal of Molecular Mechanism

Linking emerging contaminants exposure to adverse health effects: Crosstalk between epigenome and environment

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