Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness

Cowden, Richard G.; Crust, Lee; Jackman, Patricia C.; Duckett, Timothy Ryan

doi:10.17159/sajs.2019/5271

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The key moments of victory were related, in particular, to the achievement of the set goal (as shown by the scale of implementation of mental resistance tasks. As reported by Cowden et al, high mental resilience promotes higher perfectionism (as revealed by the study), higher motivation, and setting optimal goals [84]. The UM runner was motivated by his training staff.…”

Section: Motivational and Psychological Factorssupporting

confidence: 70%

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart ... Mosaic Theory?

Gajda¹,

Samełko

Czuba

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This comprehensive case analysis aimed to identify the features enabling a runner to achieve championship in 24-h ultramarathon (UM) races. A 36-year-old, multiple medalist of the World Championships in 24-h running, was assessed before, one and 10 days after a 24-h run. Results of his extensive laboratory and cardiological diagnostics with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and a one-time cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) were analyzed. After 12 h of running (approximately 130 km), the athlete experienced an increasing pain in the right knee. His baseline clinical data were within the normal range. High physical efficiency in CPET (VO2max 63 mL/kg/min) was similar to the average achieved by other ultramarathoners who had significantly worse results. Thus, we also performed genetic tests and assessed his psychological profile, body composition, and markers of physical and mental stress (serotonin, cortisol, epinephrine, prolactin, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone). The athlete had a mtDNA haplogroup H (HV0a1 subgroup, belonging to the HV cluster), characteristic of athletes with the highest endurance. Psychological studies have shown high and very high intensity of the properties of individual scales of the tools used mental resilience (62–100% depending on the scale), openness to experience (10th sten), coherence (10th sten), positive perfectionism (100%) and overall hope for success score (10th sten). The athlete himself considers the commitment and mental support of his team to be a significant factor of his success. Body composition assessment (%fat 13.9) and the level of stress markers were unremarkable. The tested athlete showed a number of features of the champions of ultramarathon runs, such as: inborn predispositions, mental traits, level of training, and resistance to pain. However, none of these features are reserved exclusively for “champions”. Team support’s participation cannot be underestimated. The factors that guarantee the success of this elite 24-h UM runner go far beyond physiological and psychological explanations. Further studies are needed to identify individual elements of the putative “mosaic theory of being a champion”.

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Section: Motivational and Psychological Factorssupporting

confidence: 70%

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart ... Mosaic Theory?

Gajda¹,

Samełko

Czuba

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…In this sense, it seems necessary to train these constructs. However, although MT is improved by training (Dohme, Bloom, Piggott & Backhouse, ), it must be kept in mind that MT has shown a relationship with aspects of personality that are innate, such as perfectionism (Cowden, Crust, Jackman & Duckett, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological characteristics in women football players: Skills, mental toughness, and anxiety

Kristjánsdóttir

Jóhannsdóttir

Pic

et al. 2019

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Women's football has been far less studied than men's. This work's objectives were to: (1) analyze the differences in psychological skills, mental toughness (MT), and anxiety in women football players according to their level (national team, first division, and second division); and (2) predict those three levels (using a multivariate model) according to the players’ psychological skills, mental toughness, and anxiety. One hundred and forty‐two Icelandic women football players (23.5 ± 3.5 years) participated in the study. They were classified into three groups according to their level: national team, and first and second divisions. Three questionnaires were used: the Test of Performance Strategies Questionnaire, the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire, and the Sport Anxiety Scale‐2 questionnaire. A one‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction was used to examine differences between teams. Applying a classification tree analysis, the participants were classified into three groups according to their level. There were few differences between the three groups in psychological skills, but in mental toughness and anxiety the national team had the highest and lowest values respectively, and the first and second division players differed in relaxation in competition (TOPS), total score and confidence (SMTQ), and worry (SAS‐2). The classification tree correctly classified 54.9% of the sample with the variables total score (SMTQ) and activation in practice (TOPS). Therefore, given the relevance that psychological attributes appear to have for women football players’ performance, it would seem indispensable to incorporate the figure of the sports psychologist into national and club teams.

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“…Perfectionism is characterized as a multidimensional trait related to the individual's desire to achieve a high standard of performance accompanied by a critical tendency towards their performance (Cowden et al, 2019;Stoeber, 2018). Scientific evidence separates two great dimensions of perfectionism, an adaptive and other that is less adaptive (Cowden et al, 2019;Hill & Madigan, 2017;Stoeber, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A influência de traços perfeccionistas na orientação as metas de jovens atletas

Freire¹,

Santos

Lima-Júnior

et al. 2022

Cuad. psicol. deporte

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This cross-sectional study verified the association between perfectionism traits and goal orientation of young athletes. Participants were 413 Brazilian youth athletes (227 boys and 186 girls), aged between 16.04±.89 years, who competed in the Pernambuco School Games final phase in 2017, Brazil. The instruments used were the Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Data analysis was conducted through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis (p <.05). Multiple regression analyses found that perfectionistic strivings (personal standards/organization) was significantly and positively associated with task orientation (β = .39; p = .001) and perfectionistic concerns (perceived parental pressure) had a significant and positive association with the ego orientation (β = .25; p = .001). It was concluded that young athletes have more perfectionistic strivings and higher task orientation. Furthermore, positive associations of perfectionistic strivings with task orientation were perceived, while perfectionist concerns were associated with ego orientation. Este estudio transversal verificó la asociación entre rasgos de perfeccionismo y orientación a metas en atletas jóvenes. Los participantes fueron 413 jóvenes deportistas brasileños (227 niños y 186 niñas), con edades entre 16,04 ± 0,89 años, que compitieron en la fase final de los Juegos Escolares de Pernambuco en 2017, Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) y el Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, correlación de Pearson y análisis de regresión múltiple (p <0,05). Los análisis de regresión múltiple encontraron que los esfuerzos perfeccionistas (estándares personales / organizacionales) se asociaron significativa y positivamente con la orientación a la tarea (β = 0.39; p = 0.001) y las preocupaciones perfeccionistas (presión parental percibida) se asociaron significativa y positivamente con la orientación al ego (β = 0.25 ; p = 0,001). Se concluyó que los atletas jóvenes muestran un esfuerzo más perfeccionista y una mayor orientación a la tarea. Además, se percibieron asociaciones positivas de los esfuerzos perfeccionistas con la orientación a la tarea, mientras que las preocupaciones perfeccionistas se asociaron con la orientación al ego. Este estudo transversal verificou a associação entre traços de perfeccionismo e orientação para metas em jovens atletas. Os participantes foram 413 atletas jovens brasileiros (227 meninos e 186 meninas), com idade entre 16,04 ± 0,89 anos, que competiram na fase final dos Jogos Escolares de Pernambuco em 2017, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 (SMPS-2) e o Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Correlação de Pearson e Análise de Regressão Múltipla (p <0,05). Análises de regressão múltipla descobriram que esforços perfeccionistas (padrões pessoais / organização) foram significativamente e positivamente associados à orientação para a tarefa (β = 0,39; p = 0,001) e preocupações perfeccionistas (pressão parental percebida) tiveram uma associação significativa e positiva com a orientação do ego (β = 0,25; p = 0,001). Concluiu-se que os jovens atletas apresentam esforços mais perfeccionistas e maiores orientação para tarefa. Além disso, foram percebidas associações positivas de esforços perfeccionistas com a orientação para a tarefa, enquanto as preocupações perfeccionistas foram associadas com a orientação do ego.

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Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart ... Mosaic Theory?

To Be a Champion of the 24-h Ultramarathon Race. If Not the Heart ... Mosaic Theory?

Psychological characteristics in women football players: Skills, mental toughness, and anxiety

A influência de traços perfeccionistas na orientação as metas de jovens atletas

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