Perennial emergent macrophytes as the main determinant of Hydrochara affinis inhabitation

Practical limitations of bioaugmentation in treating heavy metal contaminated soil and role of plant growth promoting bacteria in phytoremediation as a promising alternative approach

“…Certain plant species can adsorb and accumulate certain heavy metal type inside their cell, thus resulting in higher removal of heavy metals from the contaminated medium ( Li et al., 2020 ). In the search of the hyper accumulator species, certain criteria need to be concerned, including the species should be nonedible plants ( Ekperusi et al., 2019 ; Shahid et al., 2020 ), highest concentration that can be tolerated by plants (maximum tolerable concentration) ( Purwanti et al., 2018a , Purwanti et al., 2018b ), minimum concentration of heavy metals that starts to inhibit the plant's growth (minimum inhibitory concentration) ( Imron et al., 2021 ), and perennial plant type is suggested to minimize harvesting that can increase operation and maintenance cost ( Al-Baldawi et al., 2015 ; Im et al., 2019 ).…”